Objective:To quantitatively analyze the primary research characteristics and keywords of international and domestic papers in the field of capsule endoscopy with bibliometric methods, and to illustrate the progression of capsule endoscopy research and offer insights for researchers in this domain.Methods:The Stork and visualized software CiteSpace were used to search and analyze the literature on "capsule endoscopy" in the English database of PubMed and the Chinese database of CNKI from 2002 to 2022.Results:A total of 6 011 English articles were identified in the PubMed database during the specified period. Both the number of publications and their citation frequencies displayed an upward trend on a global and domestic scale. The growth rates of global and domestic English publications were 5% and 15%, respectively, with major contributions coming from the United States, Japan, China, Italy and Germany. Key areas of global research interest included magnetic capsule endoscopy, colon capsule endoscopy, inflammatory bowel disease, small bowel capsule endoscopy, capsule endoscopy images, and obscure gastrointestinal bleeding, etc. A total of 2 027 articles were retrieved in the CNKI database, with top three research institutions including Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University; Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University; School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Emerging research keywords encompassed artificial intelligence, deep learning, and guidelines.Conclusion:The study reveals a gradual increase in global research activities related to capsule endoscopy, with China demonstrating significant international academic influence in this field.

Objective:In order to explore the impact of corona virus disease 2019(COVID-19)on the hospitalization of children with bronchiolitis and to improve clinicians′ understanding of the characteristics of bronchiolitis during the COVID-19 epidemic.Methods:This was a multicenter clinical study, and the data have been collected from 23 children′s medical centers in China.All the clinical data were retrospectively collected from children with bronchiolitis who were hospitalized at each study center from January 1, 2019 to December 31, 2021.The results included gender, age at hospitalization, length of stay, respiratory syncytial virus(RSV) test results, severity rating, ICU treatment, and the total number of children hospitalized with respiratory tract infection during the same period.The clinical data of children with bronchiolitis in 2019 before COVID-19 epidemic and in 2020、2021 during COVID-19 epidemic were statistically analyzed and compared.Results:According to a summary of data provided by 23 children′s medical centers, there were 4 909 cases of bronchiolitis in 2019, 2 654 cases in 2020, and 3 500 cases in 2021.Compared with 2019, the number of bronchiolitis cases decreased by 45.94% in 2020 and 28.70% in 2021.In 2019, 2020 and 2021, there were no significant differences in gender ratio, age, and duration of hospitalization.Compared with 2019, the ratio of bronchiolitis to the total number of hospitalizations for respiratory tract infection decreased significantly in 2020 and 2021( χ2=12.762, P<0.05; χ2=84.845, P<0.05).The proportion of moderate to severe bronchiolitis cases in both 2020 and 2021 was lower than that in 2019, and the difference was statistically significant ( χ2=4.054, P<0.05; χ2=8.109, P<0.05).There was no statistically significant difference in the proportion of bronchiolitis cases requiring ICU treatment between 2019, 2020, and 2021 ( χ2=1.914, P>0.05).In 2019, a total of 52.60%(2 582/4 909) of children with bronchiolitis underwent RSV pathogen testing, and among them, there were 708 cases with RSV positive, accounting for 28.00%.In 2020, 54.14%(1 437/2 654) of children with bronchiolitis underwent RSV pathogen testing, and there were 403 cases with RSV positive, accounting for 28.04%.In 2021, 66.80%(2 238/3 500) of children with bronchiolitis underwent RSV pathogen testing, and there were 935 cases with RSV positive, accounting for 41.78%.Compared with 2019 and 2020, the RSV positive rate in 2021 showed a significant increase( χ2=99.673, P<0.05; χ2=71.292, P<0.05). Conclusion:During the COVID-19 epidemic, the implementation of epidemic prevention and control measures reduced the hospitalization rate and severity of bronchiolitis, but did not reduce the positive rate of RSV detection.

Objective:To investigate the etiology, incidence and clinical characteristics of pediatric prolonged and chronic diarrhea.Methods:The clinical data of children with prolonged and chronic diarrhea were collected and analyzed, which were hospitalized in the Department of Gastroenterology of the Children′s Hospital Affiliated to the Capital Institute of Pediatrics from January 2017 to June 2020.Results:A total of 190 children with prolonged and chronic diarrhea were collected, with a male-to-female ratio of 1.64∶1(118/72) and a median age of 11.2(5.0, 48.0)months.Among them, 74.3%(141/190) were infants aged 0-3 years, and 54.3%(103/190) were infants aged 0-1 years.The overall cure and improvement rate was 83.7%(159/190). Gastrointestinal concomitant symptoms were dominated by abdominal pain, and vomiting, bloating, and extraintestinal concomitant symptoms were mainly fever, weight loss, and growth and development disorders.Common comorbidities included malnutrition (46.3%), anemia (35.3%), and electrolyte abnormalities (20.5%). The lesion detection rate of electronic gastrointestinal endoscopy and capsule endoscopy reached 93.1%(122/131). The detection rate of genetic testing was 60.0%(9/15). In this group of studies, 169 patients had a clear cause, and the confirmed diagnosis rate was 88.9%.The main causes of childhood prolonged and chronic diarrhea were food allergy(36.8%), inflammatory bowel disease(12.6%), and irritable bowel syndrome(9.5%), but 11.1% of the children did not identify the cause after comprehensive examination.Conclusion:Children with prolonged and chronic diarrhea are mainly infants and young children, especially infants, with diverse etiology, mainly non-infectious factors, food allergy and inflammatory bowel disease are important causes.Malnutrition, anemia and other complications are easy to occur.Endoscopy is helpful in diagnosing and differentiating the cause, if necessary, genetic testing could help to determine the cause.

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Objective:To investigate the clinical characteristics and risk factors of bronchiolitis obliterans (BO) after adenovirus pneumonia.Methods:Clinical data of 266 children with adenovirus pneumonia hospitalized in Children′s Hospital of Soochow University from January 2011 to December 2017 were retrospectively analyzed.Accor-ding to whether they developed BO, children with adenovirus pneumonia were divided into the BO group and the non-BO group.Clinical features of the BO group and the non-BO group were compared by t test, rank sum test or chi square test.Risk factors were analyzed by Logistic regression approach. Results:Among 266 children with adenovirus pneumonia included, 37 patients were developed into BO group, and their age was significantly younger than that of the non-BO group [12.0(8.0, 17.5) months vs.32.0(13.0, 48.0) months, P<0.001]. Compared with the non-BO group, there were more proportion of preterm infants[10.8%(4/37 cases) vs.3.1%(7/229 cases), P=0.028], more instances of comorbidities [21.6%(8/37 cases) vs.4.4%(10/229), P<0.001] and more children with allergic diseas[35.1%(13/37 cases) vs.20.1%(46/229 cases), P=0.041] in the BO group, and the difference was statistically significant.The duration of fever in the BO group was significantly longer than that of the non-BO group [10(4.0, 13.5) d vs.6(4.0, 9.0) d, P=0.011] children with symptoms of wheezing, shortness of breath, and hypoxemia in the BO group were significantly more than the non-BO group[81.1%(30/37 cases) vs.27.9%(64/229 cases), P<0.001; 64.9%(24/37 cases) vs.5.7%(13/229 cases), P<0.001; 59.5%(22/37 cases) vs.6.6%(15/229 cases), P<0.001]. The platelet count, IgG level, and CD3 -CD 19+ lymphocyte percentage were significantly higher in the BO group than the non-BO group [(364±104)×10 9/L vs.(297±105)×10 9/L, P=0.001; 6.74(4.92, 10.16) g/L vs.5.93(1.00, 8.04) g/L, P=0.016; (33.5±15.3)% vs.(26.1±10.2)%, P=0.008]. In contrast, the percentage of CD3 + CD4 + lymphocytes in the BO group was lower than the non-BO group[(29.1±8.0)% vs.(32.5±9.4)%, P=0.044], the difference was statistically significant.The BO group had a higher rate of mixed bacterial infection than the non-BO groups[37.8%(14/37 cases) vs.16.6%(38/229 cases), P=0.003]. An age<26 months, comorbidities, premature birth history, wheezing, shortness of breath, and hypoxemia were independent risk factors for BO after adenovirus pneumonia( OR=4.808, 30.667, 7.558, 3.909, 8.842, 8.607, all P<0.05). Conclusions:An age of less than 26 months, a history of premature delivery comorbidities, wheezing, shortness of breath and hypoxemia, are independent risk factors for BO after adenovirus pneumonia.Children with above manifestations should receive high resolution CT as soon as possible to determine whether it is BO.

Objective To analyze the changes in lung function and inflammatory indicators such as eosino-phils(EOS),Creola bodies and exhaled nitric oxide(FeNO),and to explore their value in early diagnosing asthma. Methods One hundred and thirty-five infants with high-risk asthma were selected as an observation group who were admitted to Department of Respiratory,Childrenˊs Hospital of Soochow University from April 2016 to August 2017 due to asthmatic bronchitis and asthmatic bronchopneumonia,and a total of 200 non -asthmatic and non -allergic healthy children who were screened and followed up at the Department of Cardiology in the same period were selected as a healthy control group for the measurement of moist respiratory lung function and FeNO. In the observation group,the bronchial dilation test(BDT),EOS and Creola bodies were performed simultaneously. Classification of lung function:23%≤time to peak ratio(TPTEF/Te)<28% had mild obstruction,15%≤TPTEF/Te<23% had moderate obstruc-tion,and TPTEF/Te<15% showed severe obstruction. Results The TPTEF/Te[17. 20%(8. 10%)],volume to peak ratio(VPEF/Ve)[21. 20%(6. 20%)],tidal volume per kilogram of body weight(VT/kg)[7. 80(3. 70)]and ratio of tidal expiratory flow 25% to peak tidal expiratory flow(25/PF)[0. 54(0. 20)]in the observation group were signifi-cantly lower than those in the healthy control group[22. 30%(9. 22%),27. 15%(7. 10%),8. 90(3. 17),0. 60 (0. 18)],and the differences were statistically significant(Z＝ -6. 81,-9. 35,-3. 16,-3. 52,all P<0. 05). BDT positive rate in the mild obstruction group was 20. 00%(3/15 cases),BDT positive rate in the moderate obstruction group was 26. 56%(17/64 cases),and BDT positive rate in the severe obstruction group was 48. 72%(19/39 cases). The higher the degree of obstruction,the higher the value of BDT positive diagnosis(F＝6. 353,P<0. 05). BDT of VPEF/Ve,25/PF and TPTEF/Te were consistent and statistically significant(Kappa＝0. 78,0. 49,all P<0. 001). Ti-dal expiratory flow 50% -remaining(TEF50% -r)[(117. 86 ± 42. 16)mL/s],tidal expiratory flow 25% -remai- ning(TEF25% -r)[(82. 82 ± 35. 44)mL/s]in the second wheezing group were higher than those in the first whee-zing group[(92. 81 ± 28. 40)mL/s,(65. 22 ± 24. 93)mL/s],and the differences were statistically significant( t＝3. 34,2. 77,all P <0. 05). There was no statistically significant difference in sputum EOS,FeNO and Creola body scores among wheezing children between the first and second groups(all P>0. 05). FeNO in the observation group [3. 80(5. 43)μg/L]was significantly lower than that in the healthy control group[9. 60(11. 3)μg/L],and the diffe-rence was statistically significant(Z＝14. 56,P<0. 05). Sputum EOS had a positive correlation with blood EOS and Creola bodies(r＝0. 20,0. 21,all P<0. 05);there was no correlation between lung function parameters and inflamma-tory indices(all P>0. 05). Conclusions In the acute phase of infant asthma attack,the pulmonary function presents different degrees of obstructive ventilation dysfunction,the higher the degree of obstruction,the higher the diagnostic value of BDT. The value of single FeNO measurement is limited,and continuous dynamic monitoring may be more mea-ningful in predicting the occurrence of asthma. Detection of Creola bodies may be helpful in predicting asthma.

Objective To investigate the radiation induced pulmonary fibrosis with a dose-response mouse model, based on the CT image changes of pulmonary fibrosis.Methods Female C57BL6 mice aged 8-10 weeks were randomly divided into 20 Gy or escalated doses of X-ray whole thoracic irradiation ( WTI) groups. CT scan was performed at different time points before and after radiation. The average lung density and lung volume changes were obtained by three-dimensional segmentation algorithm. After gene chip and pathological validation, the parameters of CT scan were subject to the establishment of logistic regression model. Results At the endpoint of 24 weeks post-irradiation, the lung density in the 20 Gy irradiation group was (-289.81± 12.06) HU, significantly increased compared with (-377.97± 6.24) HU in the control group ( P<0.001) . The lung volume was ( 0.66±0.01) cm3 in the control group, significantly larger than ( 0.44±0.03) cm3 in the irradiated mice ( P<0.001) . The results of quantitative imaging analysis were in accordance with the findings of HE and Mason staining, which were positively correlated with the fibrosis-related biomarkers at the transcriptional level ( all R2=0.75, all P<0.001) . The ED50 for increased lung density was found to be ( 13.64± 0.14) Gy ( R2=0.99, P<0.001) and ( 16.17± 4.36) Gy ( R2=0.89, P<0.001) for decreased lung volume according to the logistic regression model. Conclusions Quantitative CT measurement of lung density and volume are reliable imaging parameters to evaluate the degree of radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mouse models. The dose-response mouse models with pulmonary fibrosis changes can provide experimental basis for comparative analysis of high-dose hypofractioned irradiation-and half-lung irradiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis.

Objective To investigate the risk factors of single and multiple bronchoscopic lavage therapy in children with refractory Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia(RMPP).Methods Retrospective analysis was conducted of the clinical data of 332 RMPP children at Department of Respiratory Disease,Children's Hospital of Soochow University from January 2011 to December 2016.The patients were divided into the single group and the multiple group (≥2 times),and the correlative index were compared between the 2 groups.Logistic regression analysis was performed to analyze the risk factors of multiple bronchoscopic lavage therapy in RMPP patients.Results Among 332 children,223 cases were in the single group and 109 cases in the multiple group.Children undergoing multiple bronchoscopy had the fever duration ≥ 10 days before the bronchoscopy and course of disease ≥ 10 days before the bronchoscopy,more than those in the single group [118 cases (52.9％) vs.71 cases (65.1％),69 cases (29.6％) vs.45 cases(41.3％)],and the differences were statistically significant(all P ＜ 0.05).At the same time,the use of glucocorticoid,macrolide,glucocorticoid combined with macrolide antibiotics in the first week of illness were significantly lower in the multiple groups than those in the single group,and the differences were statistically significant (all P ＜ 0.05).In the multiple group,the percentage of neutrophils (N),C-reactive protein (CRP),CRP ＞ 44 mg/L,lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and LDH ＞ 480 U/L were higher than those in the single group,and the differences were significant (all P ＜ 0.05).In addition,the mixed infection and pleural effusion of multiple group were higher than those of the single group.The proportion of bronchoscopy in the multiple group was higher than that of the single group.In bronchoscopy,the mucus plug blocking and mucosal erosion were more than those of the single group,and the differences were statistically significant (x2 =5.397,13.31,all P ＜ 0.05).After adjusted by multiple regression analysis,6 factors were independent risk factors for multiple bronchoscopic procedures.They were the fever duration before the bronchoscopy ≥ 10 days[odds ratio (OR) =19.504,95 ％ confidence interval (CI):7.350-51.754,P =0.000],the unuse of macrolide antibiotics in the first week of illness (OR =5.072,95％ CI:2.230-11.537,P =0.000),the unuse of glucocorticoid in the first week of illness (OR =14.051,95 ％ CI:4.755-41.522,P =0.000),CRP ＞ 44 mg/L (OR =2.638,95 ％ CI:1.356-5.133,P =0.004),LDH ＞ 480 U/L(OR =2.326,95％ CI:1.302-4.157,P =0.004) and mucosal erosion (OR =11.15,95％ CI:2.503-49.715,P =0.002).Conclusion Severe inflammatory reaction and whether or not to actively resist infection and inflammation in the early stage,were important risk factors for multiple bronchoscopic procedures.

Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of Streptococcus pneumonia (SP) in children with respiratory tract infection in Suzhou area,and the correlation between the air pollutants and the epidemiological characteristics of SP.Methods The real-time air quality test data of Suzhou in Jiangsu province was recorded from January 2012 to December 2014,and sputum specimens of 6 653 cases of hospitalized children with respiratory tract diseases in the same period were collected.The SP detection content and the correlation between SP and the concentration level of PM2.5,PM 10,nitrogen dioxide (NO2),sulfur dioxide (SO2),carbon monoxide (CO),ozone (O3) in Suzhou were analyzed.Results The SP detection rate was 9.94％ in 6 653 children.The SP detection rates were respoctively 7.69％ (183/2 381 cases),10.87％ (235/2 161 cases),11.51％ (243/2 111 cases) between 2012 and 2014.The SP detection rates of children at the age of ≤ 1 year old,＞ 1-3 years old,＞ 3-＜ 7 years old and ≥ 7 years old more respectively were 7.11％ (227/3 192 cases),13.48％ (244/1 810 cases),13.76％ (168/1 221 cases),5.12％ (22/430 cases).The SP detection rate of children at the age of ＞ 1-3 years old and ＞3-＜7 years old was higher than that of ≤ 1 years old and ≥7 years old,and the difference was significant (x2 =84.980,P ＜ 0.001).The SP detection rates in spring,summer,antumn and winter respectively were 9.79％ (173/1 768 cases),7.66％ (130/ 1 697 cases),11.76％ (187/1 590 cases),10.70％ (171/1 598 cases).The SP detection rate of children in summer was the lowest (x2 =4.897,15.839,9.165,all P ＜ 0.05).The concentrations of PM2.5,PM 10,SO2,NO2,CO and O3 were in a state of fluctuation during the survey period.The SP detection rate had positive correlation with the concentration of PM2.5,PM10,SO2,NO2,CO and O3 (r =0.650,0.586,0.680,0.467,all P ＜ 0.005),and there was no obvious correlation between the SP detection rate and the concentration of CO,O3 (all P ＞ 0.05).Conclusions SP is one of the important pathogens of respiratory tract infection in children in Suzhou area,and the detection rate in infants and preschoolers is higher but the detection rate in summer is lower.The SP detection rate is closely correlated with the concentration of PM2.5,PM10,SO2,NO2.

Objective To investigate the characteristics of the medication adherence and analyze their influencing factors in hemodialysis patients. Methods Hemodialysis patients who were treated in a class Ⅲgrade A hospital of Shanghai from June to December 2016 were selected as the research object by convenience sampling. The patients were investigated by general information questionnaire,simplified medication compliance questionnaire and social support rating scale,and the relevant influencing factors of medication adherence were analyzed. Results A total of 99 patients were surveyed,37 patients of them(37.4%)had good adherence to calcium acetate,and 62 patients(62.6%)had poor compliance. There were significant differences in age, occupation,marital status,serum phosphorus and parathyroid hormone levels between patients with good compliance and poor compliance(P < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that age,marital status and occupation were the influencing factors of medication compliance(P < 0.05). Conclusions The compliance of calcium acetate in maintenance hemodialysis patients is not optimistic. It is important to further improve the adherence by establishing accessible education programs according to their age,marital status and occupational status.