Asthe standard for drafting standards,the Rules for Compiling National Standards for Pharmaceutical Excipients was first issued in the 2020 edition and then revised and re-issued in 2025.It has become an important technical specification for the pharmaceutical excipients standards in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia and for the phar-maceutical excipients standards formulated by pharmaceutical companies for associated review and approval.This article focuses on introducing the working background,main framework and main characteristics of the Rules for Compiling National Standards for Pharmaceutical Excipients,aiming to help the drafters,reviewers and implement-ers of pharmaceutical excipients standards better understand and master them,so as to further improve the standard-ization of writing pharmaceutical excipients standards and enhance the level of standards formulation and revision of pharmaceutical excipients.

Objectives:To investigate the relationship between pelvic landmarks on body surface and the trajectory of S2 alar-iliac(S2AI)screws in populations of different genders and body mass indexes.Methods:A retrospective analysis was conducted on 150 patients who underwent pelvic CT scans in the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University between February 2022 and February 2024.Basic demographic data including age,gender,weight,and height were collected.Pelvic models were reconstructed by CT,and screw trajectories were simulated on the models.The screw trajectories were extended to intersect with the skin sur-face,and the intersection points of the safe trajectories with skin formed a safety zone on the body surface.The shortest distances from the anterior superior iliac spine(ASIS),anterior inferior iliac spine(AIIS),and greater trochanter(GT)to the safe zone were measured.The length of the line connecting ASIS and GT on the surface,length of such line intersecting with the safety zone,length from ASIS to the safety zone along such line,length from GT to the safety zone along such line were measured.Group comparisons were performed based on gender and BMI[underweight group(BMI＜18.50kg/m2),normal group(18.50kg/m2≤BMI＜24.00kg/m2),overweight group(24.00kg/m2≤BMI＜28.00kg/m2),obese group(BMI≥28.00kg/m2)].Results:In males,the shortest distances from ASIS,AIIS,and GT to the safe zone were 19.87±3.66mm,33.66±3.33mm,and 39.53±3.56mm,respectively;In females,they were 19.31±3.41mm,33.23±3.45mm,and 38.74±3.23mm,respectively.No statis-tically significant differences were observed between gender groups(P＞0.05).The shortest distance from ASIS,AIIS,GT to safety zone was 14.03±1.64mm,26.79±1.15mm,43.68±1.32mm in the underweight group,17.67±2.36mm,31.73±1.77mm,41.18±2.43mm in the normal group,21.85±1.37mm,35.78±1.76mm,36.80±1.68mm in the overweight group,and 25.66±0.84mm,38.75±0.88mm,and 36.80±1.68mm in the obese group,respec-tively.Intergroup comparisons between the four groups were statistically significant(P＜0.05),and pairwise com-parisons within groups were statistically significant(P＜0.05).In males,the length of the line connecting ASIS and GT was 129.43±6.42mm,the length of the line intersecting with safety zone was 30.72±5.27mm,the length from ASIS to safety zone along the line was 33.61±8.82mm,and the length from GT to safety zone a-long the line was 69.14±11.46mm;In females,such lengths were 109.83±8.99mm,32.32±4.94mm,35.77±11.26mm,and 43.75±7.62mm,respectively,with significant differences between the two gender groups(P＜0.05);In the underweight group,such distances were 119.40±12.21mm,30.72±3.83mm,25.42±7.75mm,and 65.64±14.79mm;In the normal weight group,they were 122.98±10.91mm,30.29±4.29mm,35.01±10.22mm,and 60.58±13.43mm;In the overweight group,they were 117.52±13.70mm,32.12±6.27mm,36.92±8.27mm,and 51.42±18.38mm;In the obese group,they were 120.52±13.95mm,35.65±3.29mm,29.58±11.67mm,and 60.93±15.13mm.The length of the line connecting ASIS and GT showed no statistically significant difference be-tween weight subgroups(P＞0.05).However,the length of the line intersecting with the safety zone,the length from ASIS to the safety zone along the line,and the length from GT to the safety zone along the line exhib-ited statistically significant differences between subgroups(P＜0.05).Conclusions:All the S2AI screw safety channels targets a specific area on the body surface,and the line connecting the anterior superior iliac spine and greater trochanter(GT)passes through this safety zone,which can serve as an auxiliary landmark for plac-ing the S2AI screw.

Asthe standard for drafting standards,the Rules for Compiling National Standards for Pharmaceutical Excipients was first issued in the 2020 edition and then revised and re-issued in 2025.It has become an important technical specification for the pharmaceutical excipients standards in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia and for the phar-maceutical excipients standards formulated by pharmaceutical companies for associated review and approval.This article focuses on introducing the working background,main framework and main characteristics of the Rules for Compiling National Standards for Pharmaceutical Excipients,aiming to help the drafters,reviewers and implement-ers of pharmaceutical excipients standards better understand and master them,so as to further improve the standard-ization of writing pharmaceutical excipients standards and enhance the level of standards formulation and revision of pharmaceutical excipients.

Objectives:To investigate the relationship between pelvic landmarks on body surface and the trajectory of S2 alar-iliac(S2AI)screws in populations of different genders and body mass indexes.Methods:A retrospective analysis was conducted on 150 patients who underwent pelvic CT scans in the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University between February 2022 and February 2024.Basic demographic data including age,gender,weight,and height were collected.Pelvic models were reconstructed by CT,and screw trajectories were simulated on the models.The screw trajectories were extended to intersect with the skin sur-face,and the intersection points of the safe trajectories with skin formed a safety zone on the body surface.The shortest distances from the anterior superior iliac spine(ASIS),anterior inferior iliac spine(AIIS),and greater trochanter(GT)to the safe zone were measured.The length of the line connecting ASIS and GT on the surface,length of such line intersecting with the safety zone,length from ASIS to the safety zone along such line,length from GT to the safety zone along such line were measured.Group comparisons were performed based on gender and BMI[underweight group(BMI＜18.50kg/m2),normal group(18.50kg/m2≤BMI＜24.00kg/m2),overweight group(24.00kg/m2≤BMI＜28.00kg/m2),obese group(BMI≥28.00kg/m2)].Results:In males,the shortest distances from ASIS,AIIS,and GT to the safe zone were 19.87±3.66mm,33.66±3.33mm,and 39.53±3.56mm,respectively;In females,they were 19.31±3.41mm,33.23±3.45mm,and 38.74±3.23mm,respectively.No statis-tically significant differences were observed between gender groups(P＞0.05).The shortest distance from ASIS,AIIS,GT to safety zone was 14.03±1.64mm,26.79±1.15mm,43.68±1.32mm in the underweight group,17.67±2.36mm,31.73±1.77mm,41.18±2.43mm in the normal group,21.85±1.37mm,35.78±1.76mm,36.80±1.68mm in the overweight group,and 25.66±0.84mm,38.75±0.88mm,and 36.80±1.68mm in the obese group,respec-tively.Intergroup comparisons between the four groups were statistically significant(P＜0.05),and pairwise com-parisons within groups were statistically significant(P＜0.05).In males,the length of the line connecting ASIS and GT was 129.43±6.42mm,the length of the line intersecting with safety zone was 30.72±5.27mm,the length from ASIS to safety zone along the line was 33.61±8.82mm,and the length from GT to safety zone a-long the line was 69.14±11.46mm;In females,such lengths were 109.83±8.99mm,32.32±4.94mm,35.77±11.26mm,and 43.75±7.62mm,respectively,with significant differences between the two gender groups(P＜0.05);In the underweight group,such distances were 119.40±12.21mm,30.72±3.83mm,25.42±7.75mm,and 65.64±14.79mm;In the normal weight group,they were 122.98±10.91mm,30.29±4.29mm,35.01±10.22mm,and 60.58±13.43mm;In the overweight group,they were 117.52±13.70mm,32.12±6.27mm,36.92±8.27mm,and 51.42±18.38mm;In the obese group,they were 120.52±13.95mm,35.65±3.29mm,29.58±11.67mm,and 60.93±15.13mm.The length of the line connecting ASIS and GT showed no statistically significant difference be-tween weight subgroups(P＞0.05).However,the length of the line intersecting with the safety zone,the length from ASIS to the safety zone along the line,and the length from GT to the safety zone along the line exhib-ited statistically significant differences between subgroups(P＜0.05).Conclusions:All the S2AI screw safety channels targets a specific area on the body surface,and the line connecting the anterior superior iliac spine and greater trochanter(GT)passes through this safety zone,which can serve as an auxiliary landmark for plac-ing the S2AI screw.

BackgroundNegative effects of mobile phone addiction on undergraduate students have led to several health problems including depression， anxiety， attention deficit disorder， cognitive impairment and sleep disturbance. The undergraduate nursing students serve as an important reserve force of the clinical nursing work， and their poor psychological health would have a non-ignorable impact on the quality of the nursing work and the nurse-patient relationship in the future. ObjectiveTo investigate the relation between neuroticism and tendency of mobile phone addiction among undergraduate nursing students， and to examine the pathways through which perceived stress and self-control play a role in the relation by constructing a chain-mediated model. MethodsFrom February to March 2023， a total of 900 undergraduate nursing students across 10 universities in Xi'an， Shaanxi Province were selected through convenient sampling method. Several scales were adopted to assess undergraduate nursing students respectively， including the neuroticism subscale of Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Revised Short Scale for Chines （EPQ-RSC）， Perceived Stress Scale （PSS）， Self-Control Scale （SCS） and Mobile Phone Addiction Tendency Scale （MPATS）. The assessment were conducted on multiple aspects of these students including neurotic personality， subjective stress， self-control and mobile phone addiction tendency. Model 6 in the SPSS Macro Process 4.1 was used to examine the mediating effect of perceived stress and self-control between neuroticism and mobile phone addiction tendency among undergraduate nursing students. Results① Among the 900 students， 314 cases （34.89%） were found to be addicted to mobile phones. ② The score of neuroticism subscale in EPQ-RSC of nursing undergraduates was positively correlated with the total scores of PSS and MPATS （r=0.400， 0.287， P<0.01）， and negatively correlated with score of SCS （r=-0.364， P<0.01）. The total score of MPATS was positively correlated with the total score of PSS （r=0.362， P<0.01）， and negatively correlated with the total score of SCS （r=-0.468， P<0.01）. The total score of SCS was negatively correlated with the total score of PSS （r=-0.515， P<0.01）. ③ Perceived stress and self-control performed partial mediation between neuroticism personality and mobile phone addiction tendency （with indirect effect values of 0.056 and 0.065， respectively， accounting for 19.72% and 22.89% of the total effect）. Perceived stress and self-control played a chain mediating role between neuroticism personality and mobile phone addiction tendency （with an indirect effect value of 0.064， accounting for 22.54% of the total effect）. ConclusionNeuroticism personality， perceived stress and self-control are confirmed to play important roles in mobile phone addiction tendency among undergraduate nursing students. Neuroticism personality not only directly affects the tendency of mobile phone addiction， but also affects their mobile phone addiction tendency through the chain mediating effect of perceived stress and self-control.［Funded by The 2020 Annual Project of the 13th Five-Year Plan of Education Science in Shaanxi Province （number， SGH20Y1386）］

Objective To monitor the susceptibility of clinical isolates to antimicrobial agents in healthcare facilities in major regions of China in 2023.Methods Clinical isolates collected from 73 hospitals across China were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility using a unified protocol based on disc diffusion method or automated testing systems.Results were interpreted using the 2023 Clinical & Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) breakpoints.Results A total of 445199 clinical isolates were collected in 2023,of which 29.0％ were gram-positive and 71.0％ were gram-negative.The prevalence of methicillin-resistant strains in Staphylococcus aureus,Staphylococcus epidermidis and other coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species (excluding Staphylococcus pseudintermedius and Staphylococcus schleiferi) (MRSA,MRSE and MRCNS) was 29.6％,81.9％ and 78.5％,respectively.Methicillin-resistant strains showed significantly higher resistance rates to most antimicrobial agents than methicillin-susceptible strains (MSSA,MSSE and MSCNS).Overall,92.9％ of MRSA strains were susceptible to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and 91.4％ of MRSE strains were susceptible to rifampicin.No vancomycin-resistant strains were found.Enterococcus faecalis had significantly lower resistance rates to most antimicrobial agents tested than Enterococcus faecium.A few vancomycin-resistant strains were identified in both E.faecalis and E.faecium.The prevalence of penicillin-susceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae was 93.1％ in the isolates from children and and 95.9％ in the isolates from adults.The resistance rate to carbapenems was lower than 15.0％ for most Enterobacterales species except for Klebsiella,22.5％ and 23.6％ of which were resistant to imipenem and meropenem,respectively .Most Enterobacterales isolates were highly susceptible to tigecycline,colistin and polymyxin B,with resistance rates ranging from 0.6％ to 10.0％.The resistance rate to imipenem and meropenem was 21.9％ and 17.4％ for Pseudomonas aeruginosa,respectively,and 67.5％ and 68.1％ for Acinetobacter baumannii,respectively.Conclusions Increasing resistance to the commonly used antimicrobial agents is still observed in clinical bacterial isolates.However,the prevalence of important crabapenem-resistant organisms such as crabapenem-resistant K.pneumoniae,P.aeruginosa,and A.baumannii showed a slightly decreasing trend.This finding suggests that strengthening bacterial resistance surveillance and multidisciplinary linkage are important for preventing the occurrence and development of bacterial resistance.

Objective:To explore the relationship between the perceived stress and the independent learning ability of nursing undergraduates, to establish a chain mediation model to investigate the role of psychological capital and self-control in the relationship between the two, aiming to provide a new direction for nursing educators to improve the independent learning ability of nursing undergraduates.Methods:Using the convenient sampling method, a total of 913 nursing undergraduates from 10 universities in Shaanxi Province were selected as research objects from February to March 2023. Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), Positive Psychological Capital Questionnaire (PPQ), Self-control Scale (SCS) and Self-directed Learning Ability Scale (SLAS) were used to investigate the nursing undergraduates.Results:A total of 913 questionnaires were sent out in this study, and 900 were effectively collected, with an effective recovery rate of 98.58% (900/913). The total SLAS score of 900 nursing undergraduates was (87.12±9.20). The perception of stress among undergraduate nursing students could directly predict their self-directed learning ability negatively ( P<0.01), or indirectly affected their self-learning ability through psychological capital and self-control ( P<0.05). Psychological capital (indirect effect value=-0.160) and self-control (indirect effect value=-0.106) played a mediating role between stress perception and self-directed learning ability, and the mediating effect accounted for 38.55% and 25.54%, respectively. Moreover, psychological capital and self-control also played a chain mediating role (indirect effect value=-0.053), and the proportion of chain mediated effect was 12.77%. Conclusions:Perceived stress, psychological capital and self-control are important influencing factors on the self-directed learning ability of nursing undergraduate students. Perceived stress not only directly affects the self-directed learning ability of nursing undergraduate students, but also indirectly affects their self-directed learning ability through the chain mediation effect of psychological capital and self-control.

Objective:To explore the effect of combining hand-brain perception training with hand-brain motor training based on mirror neuron theory on the recovery of upper limb function after a stroke.Methods:A group of 105 stroke survivors with upper limb dysfunction were randomly divided into a hand-brain perception (HP) group, a hand-brain motor (HM) group, and a combination (C) group, each of 35. In addition to conventional rehabilitation treatment (including exercise therapy, occupational therapy and physical factor therapy), the HP and HM groups were given hand-brain perception training and hand-brain motor training respectively, while group C was provided with both. Before the intervention and after 4 weeks, the upper limb motor functioning of all of the participants was assessed using the simplified version of the Fugl-Meyer upper limb motor function scale (FMA-UE). Sensory functioning was quantified using the tactile Semmes Weinstein monofilament examination (SWME), and the modified Barthel index (MBI) was used to quantify the participants′ ability in the activities of daily living.Results:After the intervention the average FMA-UE, MBI and SWME scores of all three groups had improved significantly, with group C′s average FMA-UE and MBI scores significantly better than the other two groups′ averages. The average SWME score of group C was then significantly better than that of group HM.Conclusions:Hand-brain perception combined with hand-brain motor training based on mirror neuron theory can further promote the recovery of upper limb sensory and motor functioning of stroke survivors., Such therapy is worthy of clinical promotion and application.

Objective To monitor the susceptibility of clinical isolates to antimicrobial agents in healthcare facilities in major regions of China in 2023.Methods Clinical isolates collected from 73 hospitals across China were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility using a unified protocol based on disc diffusion method or automated testing systems.Results were interpreted using the 2023 Clinical & Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) breakpoints.Results A total of 445199 clinical isolates were collected in 2023,of which 29.0％ were gram-positive and 71.0％ were gram-negative.The prevalence of methicillin-resistant strains in Staphylococcus aureus,Staphylococcus epidermidis and other coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species (excluding Staphylococcus pseudintermedius and Staphylococcus schleiferi) (MRSA,MRSE and MRCNS) was 29.6％,81.9％ and 78.5％,respectively.Methicillin-resistant strains showed significantly higher resistance rates to most antimicrobial agents than methicillin-susceptible strains (MSSA,MSSE and MSCNS).Overall,92.9％ of MRSA strains were susceptible to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and 91.4％ of MRSE strains were susceptible to rifampicin.No vancomycin-resistant strains were found.Enterococcus faecalis had significantly lower resistance rates to most antimicrobial agents tested than Enterococcus faecium.A few vancomycin-resistant strains were identified in both E.faecalis and E.faecium.The prevalence of penicillin-susceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae was 93.1％ in the isolates from children and and 95.9％ in the isolates from adults.The resistance rate to carbapenems was lower than 15.0％ for most Enterobacterales species except for Klebsiella,22.5％ and 23.6％ of which were resistant to imipenem and meropenem,respectively .Most Enterobacterales isolates were highly susceptible to tigecycline,colistin and polymyxin B,with resistance rates ranging from 0.6％ to 10.0％.The resistance rate to imipenem and meropenem was 21.9％ and 17.4％ for Pseudomonas aeruginosa,respectively,and 67.5％ and 68.1％ for Acinetobacter baumannii,respectively.Conclusions Increasing resistance to the commonly used antimicrobial agents is still observed in clinical bacterial isolates.However,the prevalence of important crabapenem-resistant organisms such as crabapenem-resistant K.pneumoniae,P.aeruginosa,and A.baumannii showed a slightly decreasing trend.This finding suggests that strengthening bacterial resistance surveillance and multidisciplinary linkage are important for preventing the occurrence and development of bacterial resistance.

Objective:To study the distribution and antibiotics resistance of the main pathogens of neonatal purulent meningitis in different regions of China.Methods:A retrospective descriptive clinical epidemiological study was conducted in children with neonatal purulent meningitis which admitted to 18 tertiary hospitals in different regions of China between January 2015 to December 2019. The test results of blood and cerebrospinal fluid, and drug sensitivity test results of the main pathogens were collected. The distributions of pathogenic bacteria in children with neonatal purulent meningitis in preterm and term infants, early and late onset infants, in Zhejiang Province and other regions outside Zhejiang Province, and in Wenzhou region and other regions of Zhejiang Province were analyzed. The chi-square test was used for statistical analysis.Results:A total of 210 neonatal purulent meningitis cases were collected. The common pathogens were Escherichia coli ( E. coli)(41.4%(87/210)) and Streptococcus agalactiae ( S. agalactiae)(27.1%(57/210)). The proportion of Gram-negative bacteria in preterm infants (77.6%(45/58)) with neonatal purulent meningitis was higher than that in term infants (47.4%(72/152)), and the difference was statistically significant ( χ2=15.54, P=0.001). There were no significant differences in the constituent ratios of E. coli (36.5%(31/85) vs 44.8%(56/125)) and S. agalactiae (24.7%(21/85) vs 28.8%(36/125)) between early onset and late onset cases (both P>0.05). The most common pathogen was E. coli in different regions, with 46.7%(64/137) in Zhejiang Province and 31.5%(23/73) in other regions outside Zhejiang Province. In Zhejiang Province, S. agalactiae was detected in 49 out of 137 cases (35.8%), which was significantly higher than other regions outside Zhejiang Province (11.0%(8/73)). The proportions of Klebsiella pneumoniae, and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus in other regions outside Zhejiang Province (17.8%(13/73) and 16.4%(12/73)) were both higher than those in Zhejiang Province (2.9%(4/137) and 5.1%(7/137)). The differences were all statistically significant ( χ2=14.82, 12.26 and 7.43, respectively, all P<0.05). The proportion of Gram-positive bacteria in Wenzhou City (60.8%(31/51)) was higher than that in other regions in Zhejiang Province (38.4%(33/86)), and the difference was statistically significant ( χ2=6.46, P=0.011). E. coli was sensitive to meropenem (0/45), and 74.4%(32/43) of them were resistant to ampicillin. E. coli had different degrees of resistance to other common cephalosporins, among which, cefotaxime had the highest resistance rate of 41.8%(23/55), followed by ceftriaxone (32.4%(23/71)). S. agalactiae was sensitive to penicillin, vancomycin and linezolid. Conclusions:The composition ratios of pathogenic bacteria of neonatal purulent meningitis are different in different regions of China. The most common pathogen is E. coli, which is sensitive to meropenem, while it has different degrees of resistance to other common cephalosporins, especially to cefotaxime.