Objective To explore the effect of influenza vaccination on the prevention of respiratory tract infection in preschool children. Methods The clinical data of 400 preschool children (1-6 years old) who were diagnosed with respiratory tract infection for the first time in department of pediatrics of Xi'an Third Hospital and second department of respiratory medicine of Xi'an Children's Hospital were retrospectively analyzed from January 2023 to December 2023, including acute bronchitis, upper respiratory tract infection and pneumonia. According to the actual influenza vaccination status, the patients were divided into vaccination group (n=210) and non-vaccination group (n=190). The incidence of respiratory tract infection was compared between both groups. The fever duration, average course of disease, hospitalization rate, clinical symptoms scores (fever, cough, nasal congestion, sore throat), inflammation indicators [C-reactive protein (CRP), white blood cell count (WBC), neutrophil percentage (NE%)] and recurrence rate after 6 months of follow-up were compared. Results The incidence of respiratory tract infection in the vaccination group was significantly lower than that in the non-vaccination group (21.43% vs 43.16%, P<0.05), and the hospitalization rate was significantly lower compared with that in the non-vaccination group (P<0.05). The scores of fever, cough, nasal congestion and sore throat were lower in the vaccination group than those in the non-vaccination group (P<0.05), and the CRP, WBC and NE% were significantly lower compared to the non-vaccination group (P<0.05). After 6 months of follow-up, the recurrence rate in the vaccination group was 11.11% (5/45), which was significantly lower than 26.83% (22/82) in the non-vaccination group (χ²=0.038, P=4.288<0.05). Conclusion Influenza vaccination can effectively reduce the incidence of respiratory tract infection in preschool children, relieve the symptoms and shorten the disease course after infection. Its preventive effect on influenza is particularly significant, suggesting the importance of strengthening influenza vaccination in preschool children.

Objective The aim of the study was to investigate how morphine(Mor)effects mitochondrial dynamics change of H9c2 induced by hypoxia/reoxygenation(H/R).Methods Myocardial H9c2 cells were divided into blank group(without treatment),model group(H/R treatment),control group(5 μmol·L-1 Mor treatment)and experimental group(H/R+5 μmol·L-1 Mor treatment).The content of reactive oxygen species(ROS),mitochondrial membrane potential(MMP),and complex of Ⅰ and Ⅲ activity were detected using ROS,tetramethylrhodamine ethyl ester(TMRE),and mitochondrial complex of Ⅰ and Ⅲ activity detection kits,respectively.The morphology of mitochondria and lysosomes was observed by transmission electron microscope electron microscopy(TEM);Western blot was used to detect the expression of GTPase kinetic protein 1(Drp1),cytochrome c oxidase Ⅳ(COX Ⅳ)and transporters of the outer mitochondrial membrane(TOM20).Results The nuclear membrane was smooth and complete;the mitochondrial size was consistent;the crest arrangement was neat;vacuolization was reduced or even disappeared;the mitochondrial matrix electron density was increased;the number of autophagosomes was decreased in the experimental group.The contents of ROS in blank group,model group,control group and experimental group were 1.03±0.04,1.53±0.10,1.06±0.06 and 1.10±0.11;MMP were 1.00±0.15,0.80±0.16,1.06±0.19 and 1.00±0.19;the activities of complex of Ⅰ were 1.00±0.08,2.28±0.82,1.05±0.26 and 1.13±0.37;the activities of complex of Ⅲ were 1.00±0.09,2.13±0.38,0.83±0.22 and 0.96±0.11;the expression of Drp1 protein were 1.00±0.14,1.27±0.07,0.97±0.21 and 0.93±0.17;the expression of fission protein 1(Fis1)protein were 1.00±0.16,1.33±0.18,1.17±0.25 and 0.99±0.05;the expression of COX Ⅳ protein were 1.00±0.25,0.62±0.08,0.79±0.26 and 0.97±0.16;the expression of TOM20 protein were 1.00±0.13,0.67±0.15,0.75±0.13 and 0.89±0.05.The above indexes of model group were significantly different from those of blank group(P＜0.05,P＜0.01,P＜0.001,P＜0.000 1).The above indexes of experimental group were significantly different from those of model group(P＜0.05,P＜0.01,P＜0.001,P＜0.000 1).Conclusion Morphine may inhibit mitophagy and fission,and alleviated mitochondrial oxidative stress damage by decreasing the activity of respiratory chain complex of Ⅰ and Ⅲ,thus maintaining mitochondrial dynamic homeostasis and alleviating H/R-induced myocardial cell damage.

ObjectiveThe traditional Chinese medicine Strychnos nux-vomica L. (SN) has the clinical effect of reducing swelling and relieving pain; however, SN is toxic due to its alkaloid components. Little is known about the endogenous metabolic changes induced by SN toxicity in rats and their potential effects on the metabolic dysregulation of intestinal microbiota. Therefore, toxicological investigation of SN is of great significance to its safety assessment. In this study, the toxic mechanisms of SN were explored using a combination of metabonomics and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. MethodsThe toxic dose, intensity, and target organ of SN were determined in rats using acute, cumulative, and subacute toxicity tests. UHPLC-MS was used to analyze the serum, liver, and renal samples of rats after intragastric SN administration. The decision tree and K Nearest Neighbor (KNN) model were established based on the bootstrap aggregation (bagging) algorithm to classify the omics data. After samples were extracted from rat feces, the high-throughput sequencing platform was used to analyze the 16S rRNA V3-V4 region of bacteria. ResultsThe bagging algorithm improved the accuracy of sample classification. Twelve biomarkers were identified, where their metabolic dysregulation may be responsible for SN toxicity in vivo. Several types of bacteria such as Bacteroidetes, Anaerostipes, Oscillospira and Bilophila, were demonstrated to be closely related to physiological indices of renal and liver function, indicating that SN-induced liver and kidney damage may be related to the disturbance of these intestinal bacteria. ConclusionThe toxicity mechanism of SN was revealed in vivo, which provides a scientific basis for the safe and rational clinical use of SN.

Aim To investigate the regulatory effect of Cortaetin on pathological myocardial hypertrophy induced by isoprenaline (ISO) and the underlying mechanism. Methods ISO was used to stimulate neonatal rat cardiomyocytes for 24 h, and myocardial hypertrophy model was established at the cellular level. C57BL/6 mice were injected subcutaneously with ISO for one week to establish myocardial hypertrophy model at animal level. RT-qPCR was used to detect the changes of mRNA and Western blot was used to detect the changes of relative protein content. Immunofluorescence was used to measure the subcellular location of Cortaetin and the change of its expression. The overex-pression of Cortaetin by adenovirus infection and the knockdown of Cortaetin by transfection of small interfering RNA were studied. Results On the cellular and animal levels, ISO-induced myocardial hypertrophy models were successfully established, and it was observed that ISO caused the decrease of Cortaetin and N-cadherin protein levels. Overexpression of Cortaetin could reverse the decrease of N-cadherin protein level and myocardial hypertrophy caused by ISO. Knockdown of Cortaetin showed the opposite effect. Conclusion Cortaetin, in combination with N-cadherin, may play a role in combating myocardial hypertrophy by enhancing the connections between cardiomyocytes.

Following the principles of evidence-based medicine,in accordance with the structure and drafting rules of standardized documents,based on literature research,according to the characteristics of chronic cough in children and issues that need to form a consensus,the TCM Guidelines for Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Cough in Children was formulated based on the Delphi method,expert discussion meetings,and public solicitation of opinions.The guideline includes scope of application,terms and definitions,eti-ology and diagnosis,auxiliary examination,treatment,prevention and care.The aim is to clarify the optimal treatment plan of Chinese medicine in the diagnosis and treatment of this disease,and to provide guidance for improving the clinical diagnosis and treatment of chronic cough in children with Chinese medicine.

Objective:To assess the prevalence of dentinal hypersensitivity (DH) and related factors in urban adults in China.Methods:The study was designed as an observational, cross-sectional epidemiological study carried out in adults aged 18-69 years old in seven cities (Beijing, Shanghai, Wuhan, Chengdu, Xi′an, Guangzhou, and Harbin) of China. The study was conducted from March 2021 to May 2023. Patients were required to complete a questionnaire regarding the subjects′ socio-economic factors, dietary behavior, oral health behavior and personal antecedent factors. DH was clinically diagnosed by judging whether the tooth cold air stimulation provoked DH or not, and recorded by investigator pain rating Schiff score. Compare the findings of six cities (Harbin excluded) with a similar study conducted in 2008.Results:In total, 11 622 subjects from seven cities in China participated the study. Fifty two point two percent (6 072/11 622) of subjects reported DH in questionnaire, 36.7% (4 266/11 622) of subjects reported experiencing DH in response to cold air stimulation for at least one study tooth. Risk factors including age, sex, city, toothbrush method and acid reflux showed marked associations with DH ( P<0.05). The prevalence of DH of urban residents in six cities (Harbin excluded) was 33.7% (3 335/9 882), higher than that in 2008 [29.7%(2 354/7 939)]. Conclusions:Overall, DH was common among urban adults in China and the prevalence increased in recent years. Better understanding of DH and its associated factors should be considered in its prevention and management by dental professionals.

Objective This study aimed to comprehensively analyze and compare the clinicopathological features and prognosis of Chinese patients with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2(HER2)-low early breast cancer(BC)and HER2-IHC0 BC. Methods Patients diagnosed with HER2-negative BC(N=999)at our institution between January 2011 and December 2015 formed our study population.Clinicopathological characteristics,association between estrogen receptor(ER)expression and HER2-low,and evolution of HER2 immunohistochemical(IHC)score were assessed.Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test were used to compare the long-term survival outcomes(5-year follow-up)between the HER2-IHC0 and HER2-low groups. Results HER2-low BC group tended to demonstrate high expression of ER and more progesterone receptor(PgR)positivity than HER2-IHC0 BC group(P<0.001).The rate of HER2-low status increased with increasing ER expression levels(Mantel-Haenszel χ2 test,P<0.001,Pearson's R=0.159,P<0.001).Survival analysis revealed a significantly longer overall survival(OS)in HER2-low BC group than in HER2-IHC0 group(P=0.007)in the whole cohort and the hormone receptor(HR)-negative group.There were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of disease-free survival(DFS).The discordance rate of HER2 IHC scores between primary and metastatic sites was 36.84%. Conclusion HER2-low BC may not be regarded as a unique BC group in this population-based study due to similar clinicopathological features and prognostic roles.

Background::Acute pulmonary embolism (APE) is a fatal cardiovascular disease, yet missed diagnosis and misdiagnosis often occur due to non-specific symptoms and signs. A simple, objective technique will help clinicians make a quick and precise diagnosis. In population studies, machine learning (ML) plays a critical role in characterizing cardiovascular risks, predicting outcomes, and identifying biomarkers. This work sought to develop an ML model for helping APE diagnosis and compare it against current clinical probability assessment models.Methods::This is a single-center retrospective study. Patients with suspected APE were continuously enrolled and randomly divided into two groups including training and testing sets. A total of 8 ML models, including random forest (RF), Na?ve Bayes, decision tree, K-nearest neighbors, logistic regression, multi-layer perceptron, support vector machine, and gradient boosting decision tree were developed based on the training set to diagnose APE. Thereafter, the model with the best diagnostic performance was selected and evaluated against the current clinical assessment strategies, including the Wells score, revised Geneva score, and Years algorithm. Eventually, the ML model was internally validated to assess the diagnostic performance using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis.Results::The ML models were constructed using eight clinical features, including D-dimer, cardiac troponin T (cTNT), arterial oxygen saturation, heart rate, chest pain, lower limb pain, hemoptysis, and chronic heart failure. Among eight ML models, the RF model achieved the best performance with the highest area under the curve (AUC) (AUC = 0.774). Compared to the current clinical assessment strategies, the RF model outperformed the Wells score ( P = 0.030) and was not inferior to any other clinical probability assessment strategy. The AUC of the RF model for diagnosing APE onset in internal validation set was 0.726. Conclusions::Based on RF algorithm, a novel prediction model was finally constructed for APE diagnosis. When compared to the current clinical assessment strategies, the RF model achieved better diagnostic efficacy and accuracy. Therefore, the ML algorithm can be a useful tool in assisting with the diagnosis of APE.

Objective:To discuss the clinical efficacy of recombinant human growth hormone(rhGH)in the treatment of the pediatric patients with growth hormone deficiency(GHD)and idiopathic short stature(ISS),and to clarify its clinical application value in the pediatric patients with short stature of different etiologies.Methods:The clinical data of 132 children with short stature who treated with rhGH from January 2018 to January 2023 were collected.They were divided into GHD group(n=70)and ISS group(n=62)based on different etiologies.The bone age,target height(TH),body mass index(BMI),height standard deviation score(HtSDS),changes in height standard deviation scores(ΔHtSDS)before treatment and 6 months after treatment,and growth velocity(GV)of the pediatric patients were calculated.Propensity score matching(PSM)and inverse probability of treatment weighting(IPTW)were used to balance the confounding factors between the pediatric patients in two groups and the efficacy and safety of the pediatric patients in two groups were evaluated.Results:There were significant differences in whether children were full-term,bone age,bone age maturity,and TH of the pediatric patients between two groups(P<0.05).Compared with before treatment,the height and HtSDS of the pediatric patients in both GHD and ISS groups were significantly increased after treated for 6 months(P<0.05).Before matched by PSM,there were significant differences in full-term,bone age,bone age maturity,and TH of the pediatric patients between two groups(P<0.05).After matched by PSM,there were no significant differences in gender,region,term birth status,mode of delivery,feeding method,age,bone age,height,BMI,TH,and pretreatment HtSDS of the pediatric patients between two groups(P>0.05);the standardized mean difference(SMD)differences of covariates except for region were<0.2.After weighted by IPTW,there were no significant differences in gender,region,term birth status,mode of delivery,feeding method,age,bone age,height,BMI,TH,and pretreatment HtSDS of the pediatric patients between two groups(P>0.05);all SMD of covariates except for term birth status were<0.2.Before balancing covariates,after meatched by PSM matching,and after weighted by IPTW weighting compared with GHD group,the GV and ΔHtSDS of the pediatric patients in ISS group were slightly increased,but the difference was not significant(P>0.05).In terms of adverse reactions,2 cases(2.68%)of fasting hyperglycemia and 7 cases(10.00%)of hypothyroidism occurred in GHD group;3 cases(4.84%)of fasting hyperglycemia and 2 cases(3.23%)of hypothyroidism occurred in ISS group.Conclusion:rhGH can promote the height increase in the patients with GHD and ISS,and there is no significant difference in the height-increasing efficacy between GHD and ISS children.The incidence of adverse reactions is relatively low during treatment,indicating good overall safety.

The kidney governs water and is the congenital foundation.The kidney plays an important role in the transportation and distribution of body fluid,has the interior-exterior relationship with the waterffu-organ bladder,and has the meridian connection with the stomach,the reservoir of water and food,through the thoroughfare vessel.Therefore,the kidney plays a key role in the formation of phlegm.Professor CHEN Bo-Lai believes that low back pain of kidney deficiency and phlegm obstruction type is characterized by deficiency in the origin and excess in the superficiality.Excess in the superficiality is manifested as phlegm obstruction,and deficiency in the origin is manifested as kidney deficiency.Clinically,the patients with low back pain of kidney deficiency and phlegm obstruction type mainly have the manifestations of lumbosacral dull pain and fixed pain,stiffness in the waist,limb numbness or hemiplegia,accompanied by soreness and weakness of waist and knees,and preference for pressing and kneading.The treatment of low back pain of kidney deficiency and phlegm obstruction type can be based on theory of kidney being the root of phlegm,follows the therapy of tonifying kidney and eliminating phlegm,and can be performed by the modified use of basic prescription of Litan Decoction(mainly composed of Euryales Semen,Pinelliae Rhizoma,Sesami Semen Nigrum,Platycladi Semen,Paeoniae Radix Alba,Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium and Poria)together with the assistance of herbs for strengthening spleen and dispersing lung based on the differentiation of the complicated symptoms.The thoughts of Professor CHEN Bo-Lai for the differentiation and treatment of low back pain of kidney deficiency and phlegm obstruction type can be used as a reference for the treatment of low back pain with Chinese medicine.