PURPOSE: Road traffic accidents (RTA), assaults, falls, and sports-related injuries are the leading causes of maxillofacial trauma. Due to quite different geographical environment and fast urbanization, the use of various protective equipment is restricted in India. Thus, compared to other countries, there might be a significant difference in the pattern and frequency of associated injuries among subjects with maxillofacial trauma. The present study was conducted to identify the causes and pattern of various maxillofacial fractures and the frequency of other related injuries among subjects with maxillofacial trauma. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional retrospective study recording 2617 subjects with maxillofacial trauma from October 2017 to October 2022. The patient demographics, causes of trauma, types of maxillofacial injury, and associated soft and hard tissue injuries were recorded. The types of maxillofacial and associated injuries were diagnosed from details of clinical examinations and the interpretation of various radiographs available in the file. The associated injuries were divided into head injury, other bony injuries, and soft tissue and vital structure injuries. Descriptive statistics and the test of proportion were used. A p value < 0.05 was considered as a level of significance. RESULTS: The maxillofacial injuries were significantly common in patients aged 16 - 45 years (66.7%) than in patients aged ≤ 15 and > 46 years (33.3%) (p < 0.001). The RTA was the most common cause of maxillofacial injury (n = 2139, 81.7%), followed by fall (n = 206, 7.9%), other causes of injury (n = 178, 6.8%), and assaults (n = 94, 3.6%). The maxillofacial injury by 2-wheel vehicle accidents was significantly higher than that by 4-wheel vehicle and other vehicle accidents (p < 0.001). There was a significant correlation between alcohol and RTA (p < 0.001). The head injury (n = 931, 61.1%) was the most common associated injury, followed by soft tissue and vital structures injuries (n = 328, 21.5%) and other bone injuries (n = 264, 17.3%). DISCUSSION Head injury was the most common associated injury followed by soft tissue and vital structures and bone injuries among subjects with maxillofacial trauma. Clavicle fracture and injury to the lower extremities were the most common hard and soft tissue-associated injuries.
Humans ; Maxillofacial Injuries/etiology* ; Retrospective Studies ; Adult ; India/epidemiology* ; Male ; Female ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Middle Aged ; Adolescent ; Young Adult ; Tertiary Care Centers ; Accidents, Traffic/statistics & numerical data* ; Child ; Aged ; Multiple Trauma/epidemiology* ; Child, Preschool

PURPOSEMaxillofacial injuries are frequently associated with multiple trauma and can determine functional and aesthetic bad outcomes. The severity of maxillofacial injuries may be considerable and can divert clinicians' attention from other concomitant injuries which is less evident but potentially life-threatening. The aim of this study was to find out the concomitant injuries in patients referred to the Emergency Department (ED) of the University Hospital of Messina (North-East Sicily, Italy) for maxillofacial traumas.

METHODSWe retrospectively evaluated data of 240,833 patients admitted at the ED of the University Hospital of Messina from January 2008 to December 2015 because of maxillofacial injuries leading to hospitalization and surgical treatment. Patients who primarily received treatment care at different institutions, pediatric trauma patients and adult patients who were transferred in accordance with pre-existing agreements in case of paucity of beds were excluded. Finally we included 447 (0.2%) patients over the 8 years. Data were evaluated with emphasis on epidemiology (age, gender, mechanism of trauma), primary survey and abnormalities and pattern of trauma.

RESULTSThe most frequent cause of maxillofacial trauma was road accidents (319 patients, 71.4%), among which motorcycle ones were prevalent. The maxillofacial injured who presented major lesions were 98 patients and minor lesions occurred in 349 patients; 443 (99.1%) patients underwent maxillofacial surgery, immediate or delayed depending on the severity of concomitant injuries (χ = 557.2, p < 0.0001). Five concomitant neglected lesions were found to be associated with severe maxillofacial traumas (χ = 17.13, p < 0.0001 vs minor lesions). All of the neglected lesions occurred in paucisymptomatic patients who showed painless abdomen, no hemodynamic instability, no signs of hematoma of anterior and posterior abdominal wall or other suspicious clinical signs and symptoms.

CONCLUSIONAmong the patients admitted firstly in other surgical wards different from the Maxillofacial Surgery Unit, diagnosis was more difficult, especially for blunt abdominal traumas, in which patients showed only vague and nonspecific symptoms concealing serious and life-threatening injuries. We recommend the routine use of whole body CT scan, when the maxillofacial injuries appear prevalent, mainly in patients affected by maxillofacial major lesions.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Maxillofacial Injuries ; etiology ; surgery ; Middle Aged ; Multiple Trauma ; etiology ; surgery ; Retrospective Studies

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the clinical characters and treatments of maxillofacial fractures. METHOD: A review of 101 maxillofacial fractures was presented with respect to age, sex, cause of fractures, pattern of fractures, treatments and therapeutic effect. RESULT: The majority of fractures were found in 20-to-50-year-old males. Most fractures happened in summer and the leading causes were traffic accidents. Mandible was the most part of fractures and associated combined injures were found in 31 cases. Rigid internal fixation was the primary treatment. CONCLUSION Maxillofacial fractures mainly occurred in young adult males and traffic accidents were the main causes. Rigid internal fixation after exact replacement was the primary common treatment.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Female ; Fracture Fixation, Internal ; Humans ; Male ; Maxillary Fractures ; etiology ; surgery ; Maxillofacial Injuries ; etiology ; surgery ; Middle Aged ; Retrospective Studies ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVETo determine the causes and incidence of facial injuries by an epidemiologic retrospective study.

METHODSA total of 3 958 patients with facial injuries treated at Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University from 1955 to 2001 were investigated. Data regarding age, gender, cause of injury, pattern of fracture and associated systemic injuries were reviewed.

RESULTSThe male to female ratio of the patients with facial injury was 4.27:1 and 33.4% of patients were aged between 21 and 30 years. The most common cause of injury was traffic accident (30.6%), followed by falls (21.4%) and collision (15.8%). A total of 794 patients (20.1%) showed only soft tissue injuries. 1 100 patients (27.8%) had multiple fractures in facial bones and 2,064 patients (52.1%) had single fracture. The mandibular fracture was most frequently seen, followed by the maxilla and the zygoma. The most common site of mandible fracture was the body (31.2%), followed by the symphysis (22.7%), the condylar (20.5%) and the angle (13.7%). Accompanied injuries to brain and skull happened in 916 patients (23.1%).

CONCLUSIONSBone fractures were more common in hospitalized patients with facial injuries. The numbers and sites of fracture were related to the causes of injuries and anatomic structure of the bone. The brain and skull injuries, the most often and seriously accompanied injuries, would not be neglected.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Age Factors ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Brain Injuries ; etiology ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Male ; Mandibular Fractures ; complications ; epidemiology ; etiology ; Maxillofacial Injuries ; complications ; epidemiology ; etiology ; Middle Aged ; Retrospective Studies ; Sex Factors ; Young Adult