During the growth period, mouth breathing caused by upper airway obstruction can adversely affect normal development of children's maxillofacial region, manifesting various types of growth patterns and facial appearance. Therefore, to further understand the influence of different obstructive parts of upper airway on maxillofacial growth patterns, this knowledge would be helpful for clinicians in guiding the normal development of children's maxillofacial region. This review describes the common causes of oral breathing, and analyzes the maxillofacial development characteristics of children with different upper airway stenosis anatomical planes and various age stages. In order to provide a reference frame basis for the intervention timing, program formulation and the maintenance of the post-operative efficacy of children with oral breathing.
Humans ; Maxillofacial Development ; Child ; Mouth Breathing/physiopathology* ; Airway Obstruction

Objective:To explore the effects of mouth opening breathing for different reasons on children's maxillofacial development. Methods:One hundred and fifty-one children were selected as the research objects of this experiment. They were divided into 49 cases of adenoid hypertrophy group（group A）, 52 cases of tonsillar hypertrophy group（group B） and 50 cases of adenoid with tonsillar hypertrophy group（Group C）. Healthy children in the same period were selected as the control group, a total of 45 cases. The reflex nasopharyngeal measurement parameters, facial development indexes and cephalometric parameters of group A, group B, group C and control group were analyzed, and the incidence of Angle ClassⅡand Angle Class Ⅲ in group A, group B and group C were studied. Results:Compared with the control group, the reflex nasopharyngeal measurement parameters in group A, group B and group C was significantly different（P<0.05）, and the cephalometric parameters changed with variation in groups（P<0.05）. The incidence of Angle Class Ⅱ facial pattern in group A and group C was higher, but the incidence of Angle Class Ⅲ facial pattern in group B and group C was higher（P<0.05）. Conclusion:Adenoid hypertrophy leads to mandibular retraction; tonsil hypertrophy leads to anterior mandibular arch; adenoid hypertrophy and tonsil hypertrophy are easy to lead to clockwise rotation of the mandible. In clinical practice, to avoid children's uncoordinated maxillofacial development, we should correct the maxillofacial situation of children as soon as possible.
Child ; Humans ; Maxillofacial Development ; Malocclusion, Angle Class III/complications* ; Nasopharynx ; Adenoids ; Palatine Tonsil ; Mouth Breathing/etiology* ; Hypertrophy/complications* ; Mouth

The aim of this study was to present a case series of the orthognathic treatment of facial asymmetry due to temporomandibular joint (TMJ) ankylosis and to characterize the current treatment modalities through a literature review. Four patients who presented with facial asymmetry due to TMJ ankylosis between 2010 and 2014 were included in this study. TMJ ankylosis was surgically treated before bimaxillary surgery with advancement genioplasty in some of the cases. In 2 cases, 3-dimensional (3D) models were used for diagnosis and treatment planning, as 3D models are very important tools for planning surgical maneuvers. Aesthetically pleasant facial symmetry and a good facial profile were obtained in all the cases.
Ankylosis ; Cephalometry ; Diagnosis ; Facial Asymmetry ; Genioplasty ; Humans ; Maxillofacial Development ; Orthognathic Surgery ; Temporomandibular Joint

OBJECTIVETo investigate the expression patterns of osterix in the early stage of cranio-maxillofacial developmental in zebrafish and to prepare for a further research of osterix gene in bone and tooth development.

METHODSThe osterix templates were amplified by PCR to generate DIG labeled antisense and sense probes. Whole mount in situ hybridization was used to analyze the expression patterns of osterix in the early stage cranio-maxillofacial development of zebrafish. The expression patterns of osterix gene in mineralization progresses of cranial and maxillofacial bones were compared. The osterix gene expression in tooth development and mineralization was highlighted by alizarin red staining.

RESULTSSpecific DIG labeled probes of osterixwere synthesized successfully. The whole mount in situ hybridization showed that the osterix expression was in the intramembranous ossification at 3 days post fertilization(dpf) and 4 dpf. The specific osterix expression in tooth at 5 dpf and 6 dpf were also observed. The sense probe served as a negative control. Osterix expressed in the unmineralized early bone matrix, the tooth matrix of the primary tooth(3V(1), 5V(1)) and the first replacement tooth(4V(2)).

CONCLUSIONSOur findings showed that osterix might play roles in the process of the early mineralized bone matrix changing into the late mature mineralized bone matrix and the process of development and mineralization of tooth crown matrix.

Animals ; Calcification, Physiologic ; genetics ; Gene Expression ; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; In Situ Hybridization ; Maxillofacial Development ; genetics ; Osteogenesis ; genetics ; Sp7 Transcription Factor ; Tooth ; metabolism ; Transcription Factors ; genetics ; metabolism ; Zebrafish ; Zebrafish Proteins ; genetics ; metabolism

We investigated the compensatory trends of mesiodistal angulation of first molars in malocclusion cases. We compared differences in the angulation of first molars in different developmental stages, malocclusion classifications and skeletal patterns. The medical records and lateral cephalogrammes of 1403 malocclusion cases taken before treatment were measured to evaluate compensation of molar angulation in relation to the skeletal jaw. The cases were stratified by age, Angle classification and skeletal patterns. Differences in the mesiodistal angulation of the first molars were compared among the stratifications. We observed three main phenomena. First, angulation of the upper first molar varied significantly with age and tipped most distally in cases aged <12 years and least distally in cases aged >16 years. The lower first molar did not show such differences. Second, in Angle Class II or skeletal Class II cases, the upper first molar was the most distally tipped, the lower first molar was the most mesially tipped, and opposite angulation compensation was observed in Class III cases. Third, in high-angle cases, the upper and lower first molars were the most distally tipped, and opposite angulation compensation was observed in low-angle cases. These data suggest that the angulation of the molars compensated for various growth patterns and malocclusion types. Hence, awareness of molar angulation compensation would help to adjust occlusal relationships, control anchorage and increase the chances of long-term stability.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Age Factors ; Anatomic Landmarks ; pathology ; Cephalometry ; methods ; Child ; Cohort Studies ; Dentition, Mixed ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Malocclusion ; classification ; pathology ; Malocclusion, Angle Class I ; pathology ; Malocclusion, Angle Class II ; pathology ; Malocclusion, Angle Class III ; pathology ; Mandible ; pathology ; Maxilla ; pathology ; Maxillofacial Development ; physiology ; Middle Aged ; Molar ; pathology ; Palate ; pathology ; Retrospective Studies ; Young Adult

Cleft Lip ; surgery ; Cleft Palate ; surgery ; Humans ; Maxillofacial Development ; physiology

Animals ; Dental Implantation, Endosseous ; adverse effects ; Dental Implants ; adverse effects ; Dental Prosthesis, Implant-Supported ; adverse effects ; Dentition ; Humans ; Malocclusion ; etiology ; Maxillofacial Development

OBJECTIVETo analyze craniofacial growth three-dimensionally for adolescents with normal occlusion in Beijing.

METHODSOne hundred and twenty-six adolescents with normal occlusion were selected according to the criteria. The sample was divided into four age groups (53 within 4 years, 30 within 7 years, 27 within 10 years and 16 within 13 years). Information of growth was collected. Three-dimensional cephalometric system based on cone-bean CT was established.

RESULTSFrom 4 to 13 years Co-A increased (14.55 ± 1.15) mm on average on the left and (13.66 ± 1.14) mm on the right, and Co-Gn increased (22.89 ± 1.40) mm on the left and (22.82 ± 1.38) mm on the right; and U1-NA increased (2.20 ± 0.44) mm on the left and (1.60 ± 0.46) mm on the right; and CoL-CoR and GoL-GoR increased (13.31 ± 1.21) mm and (18.59 ± 1.40) mm, and N-Me increased (18.03 ± 1.32) mm.SN-PP and SN-MPL basically remained unchanged.

CONCLUSIONSAdolescents with normal occlusion in Beijing grew obviously in three-dimensions and developed harmoniously.

Adolescent ; Cephalometry ; methods ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; China ; Cone-Beam Computed Tomography ; Dental Occlusion ; Face ; anatomy & histology ; diagnostic imaging ; Facial Bones ; anatomy & histology ; diagnostic imaging ; growth & development ; Humans ; Imaging, Three-Dimensional ; Incisor ; anatomy & histology ; diagnostic imaging ; growth & development ; Mandible ; anatomy & histology ; diagnostic imaging ; growth & development ; Maxilla ; anatomy & histology ; diagnostic imaging ; growth & development ; Maxillofacial Development

This review highlights the recent advances in X-ray microcomputed tomography (Micro-CT) applied in dental research. It summarizes Micro-CT applications in measurement of enamel thickness, root canal morphology, evaluation of root canal preparation, craniofacial skeletal structure, micro finite element modeling, dental tissue engineering, mineral density of dental hard tissues and about dental implants. Details of studies in each of these areas are highlighted along with the advantages of Micro-CT, and finally a summary of the future applications of Micro-CT in dental research is given.
Biomechanical Phenomena ; Dental Enamel ; diagnostic imaging ; Dental Implants ; Dental Materials ; Dental Pulp Cavity ; diagnostic imaging ; Dental Research ; Facial Bones ; diagnostic imaging ; Finite Element Analysis ; Humans ; Maxillofacial Development ; Minerals ; analysis ; Root Canal Preparation ; Tissue Engineering ; X-Ray Microtomography ; methods

OBJECTIVETo study the effect of oral mucosa cell transfected with IFN-gamma recover denuded hard palate to the growth of maxilla in rats.

METHODSDivide 3-week-age 80 female rats with left denuded hard palate into 4 groups randomly, depends on different methods recovered the denuded hard palate, granulation tissue growing itselves (I), transplanting amnion (II), transplanting oral mucous cell loaded by amnion (III), or oral mucous cell transfected with IFN-gamma (IV), 20 rats in one group. After 9 weeks, measure the width of left hard palate and the right, and analyse the width of hard palate by different methods.

RESULTSThe antisymmetry rate of hard palate width of groups I, II, III and IV are (68.64 +/- 9.03)%, (58.53 +/- 7.40)%, (53.12 +/- 4.92)% and (52.25 +/- 4.61)%, statistical analysis through SNK of SPSS 11.0 show group I is different from groups II, III, IV (P < 0.05), group II is different from groups III, IV (P < 0.05), but group III is not different from group IV (P > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONSIt has energetic significance to prevent maxillary secondary deformity with amnion and tissue-engineered oral mucosa recover denuded hard palate, the tissue-engineered oral mucosa is better than amnion, the tissue-engineered oral mucosa transfected with IFN-gamma is better than not transfected.

Animals ; Cleft Palate ; surgery ; Female ; Interferon-gamma ; genetics ; Maxilla ; abnormalities ; surgery ; Maxillofacial Development ; Mouth Mucosa ; transplantation ; Oral Surgical Procedures ; Palate, Hard ; growth & development ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Stem Cells ; cytology ; Surgical Flaps ; Tissue Engineering ; Transfection