Introduction: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have spread globally and reached the Philippines in late January 2020. This study is the first local and nationwide research on admitted COVID-19 adult patients: their clinic-demographic profiles, managements, and clinical outcomes. We aim to determine the associated factors with mortality among COVID-19 patients. Methods: This was a retrospective, multicenter, observational cohort study of rt-PCR confirmed and admitted COVID-19 adult patients in 89 hospitals in the Philippines from February to July, 2020. The data on admission of patient’s demographic, clinical, laboratory, pre-hospital and during hospital treatment management and in-hospital clinical outcomes were gathered. The data were described and analyzed using multiple logistic regression analysis. Results: There were 2884 rt-PCR confirmed and admitted COVID-19 adult patients included in the study. Majority were Filipinos (99·4%), with slightly more males (54.4%) than females. 21% were healthcare workers (HCWs). Mortality was higher among non-HCWs at 16% versus 2% among HCWs. 63% of the patients had a co-morbidity, which included hypertension (69%), diabetes mellitus (48%) and chronic kidney disease (26%). The significantly associated factors with mortality in this Philippine cohort were: age >60 years, hypertension as co-morbidity, tachypnea (> 22/minute), WBC count > 10 x 109 /L, and elevated serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) (all p<0.05). Elevated serum LDH was the strongest factor associated with mortality (OR of 8.74, p=0.004). Conclusion This study identified that age, hypertension, tachypnea, elevated WBC count, and elevated serum LDH were associated with mortality among COVID-19 adult patients and results were consistent with results from studies done in other countries. We recommend that early detection and awareness of exposures and symptoms will improve the management and clinical outcomes of COVID-19 adult patients. Also, a long follow-up of the outcomes of COVID-19 to determine the effectiveness of treatment is recommended for further study.
Philippines ; Mortality

OBJECTIVES: The study determined the 8-year incidence of diabetes mellitus (DM) and impaired fasting glucose (IFG), and the current prevalence of DM, IFG, and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), among respondents of the 1998 Food and Nutrition Research Institute 5th National Nutrition Survey (FNRI-NNS) in the National Capital Region (NCR), Region 3, and Region 4 of the Philippines.

DESIGN: This was a descriptive cohort study.

SETTING: This was a community-based study Including all previous respondents of the 1998 FNRI-NNS survey in NCR, Region 3, and Region 4.

PARTICIPANTS: Out of the previous 1,316 individuals in the 3 areas of the 1998 FNRI-NNS data, a total of 1,085 respondents were included in the Philippine Cardiovascular Outcome Study (PhilCOS) with a response rate of 82 percent. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: The study determined the 9-years incidence rate of DM and IFG, and the 2006 If prevalence of DM, IFG, and IGT of the cohort.

RESULTS: The 8-years incidence of DM using fasting Wood glucose (FBG) was 9 percent, and of IFG was 10 percent. The prevalence of DM was 19 percent (combined FBG, 2H PG, and interview). The prevalence of IFG was 9 percent based on the cut-off IFG level of 110-125mg/dL. However, using the newer cut-off level of 100-125mg/dL, the prevalence of IFG increased to 30 percent. The prevalence of IGT was 25 percent.

CONCLUSIONS: The PhilCOS-DM has reported the first 8-year incidence rate of DM and IFG in NCR, Region 3, and Region 4. PhilCOS-DM also determined significant proportions of DM, IFG, and IGT in the cohort that warrant early aggressive intervention for prevention and management.

Human ; Male ; Female ; Diabetes Mellitus