In breast cancer, sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs) represent the first site of interaction between tumor-derived antigens and the host immune system. However, descriptive data on immune cell subsets within the SLN remains limited. This exploratory study evaluated immune cell populations in SLN samples from women with invasive breast cancer (IBC) using flow cytometry, and assessed their distribution according to clinicopathological characteristics.SNL scrapings were collected from 22 patients with IBC. SNL cells were evaluated using flow cytometry, and the results were compared with clinical and pathological variables, such as tumor subtype, axillary status, lymphovascular invasion (LVI), histological grades, and expression of estrogen receptors (ERs) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). The frequencies of monocytes and neutrophils were not significantly correlated with the clinical variables analyzed. In patients with LVI, there was an increase in the frequency of CD4+ T cells and programmed death-1 (PD-1) expression in CD8+ T-cells.Furthermore, a reduction in central memory CD4+ T cells and an increase in terminal effector memory CD4+ T cells were observed in patients with histological grade III disease compared to those with histological grade I disease. It was also observed that in patients expressing ERs and HER2, there was an increase in PD-1 and programmed death-ligand 1 expression in CD8+ T-cells. These findings provide a descriptive overview of immune cell distribution in SLNs according to their clinicopathological features. These results are preliminary and hypothesis-generating, supporting the need for larger longitudinal studies to further characterize the immune profiles within tumor-draining lymph nodes.

Objective: To evaluate antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of saline extract from Tithonia diversifolia leaves by phytochemical bioprospecting, and investigate its safety against animal cells. Methods: The saline extract was prepared, with NaCl (0.15 M), by constant stirring of the dried and pulverized leaves, followed by volume reduction by lyophilization. The extract was phytochemical characterized using ultra-performance liquid chromatography, and total phenol and flavonoid analysis also was performed. The antioxidant capacity was determined through DPPH· radical, the antimicrobial property was evaluated against standard bacteria and fungi, and the viability assays were performed against mice splenocytes. Results: Fifteen compounds were identified belonging to two main classes terpenoids and phenolics. The extract showed 22.185 mg GAE/g of total phenolic compounds and 3.220 mg QE/g of flavonoid. Moreover, extract showed higher antioxidant ability similar to butylated hydroxytoluene a standard molecule [(3.042±0.019) mg AAE/g and (4.12±0.10) mg AAE/g to saline extract and butylated hydroxytoluene, respectively]. The antimicrobial assays demonstrated that the extract had a significant antifungal potential against Candida species and could be used with safety against mice splenocytes, in concentrations lower than 50 μg/mL, promoting higher proliferation in these cells. Conclusions: Saline extract from Tithonia diversifolia leaves presents potential antioxidant, antifungal properties and induces immunostimulation in mice splenocytes.