BACKGROUND: Hyperglycemia occurs in 60% of acute stroke patients, 12-52% of which maybe previously undiagnosed with diabetes. A retrospective study by Gacutan showed 21% admission hyperglycemia at the Philippine General Hospital. Screening for glucose disorders among hyperglycemic stroke patients provides a venue for secondary prevention. There are no current guidelines on screening for post-stroke hyperglycemia by the Stroke Society of the Philippines.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence and outcomes of unrecognized diabetes and prediabetes among acute stroke patients. Secondarily, we aim to determine the clinical and biochemical predictors of unrecognized/newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus among the acute stroke patients.

METHODOLOGY: Cross-sectional prospective study. Acute stroke patients admitted from January to December, 2008 with admission hyperglycemia were included. Random blood sugar, glycosylated hemoglobin & the National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) were done on admission. All were followed up six weeks post-discharge for an FBS and 75-grams OGTT except those discharged with anti-diabetes medications who were considered newly-diagnosed diabetes.

OUTCOMES: Glucose disorders were classified at six weeks post-discharge. Mortality was measured at six weeks and 12 weeks. Functional outcomes using the Modified Rankin Score & the Barthel's Index were measured at the OPD 6-weeks postdischarge.

RESULTS: There were 504 stroke patients of which 178(35%) had admission hyperglycemia. Majority were newly diagnosed diabetes 32.7%, stress hyperglycemia 29.56%, impaired glucose tolerance, (IGT) 13.8%, impaired fasting blood sugar, (IFG) 8.8%, combined IGT and IFG 3.7%, previous diabetes 11.32%. Age, body mass index, alcohol abuse, smoking, hypertension, nosocomial infections, acute coronary syndrome were associated with diabetes. No association was noted with diabetes and atrial fibrillation. By Kruskal-Wallis test, admission RBS and HbA1c were higher among diabetics compared to prediabetics and stress hyperglycemics. Triglycerides was higher and HDL was lower among diabetic versus the stress hyperglycemia. No trends were noted for total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol across groups. On multiple logistic regression, age (OR: 1.06, p0.07), smoking (OR: 9.81, p0.05) and Hba1c (OR:11.39, p
Human ; Human ; Male ; Female ; Adult ; Young Adult ; Middle Aged ; Aged ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Prediabetic State ; Hyperglycemia ; Prevalence ; Stroke

BACKGROUND AND SIGNIFICANCE: McCune Albright Syndrome (MAS) is a rare disorder characterized by the clinical triad of precocious puberty, polyostotic fibrous dysplasia of the bones and café-au-lait spots. Prevalence is estimated at 1/100,000-1/1,000,000. We report a case of polyostotic fibrous dysplasia in a patient with McCune Albright Syndrome who had symptomatic relief of hip pains and non-recurrence of stress fractures in a dysplastic right hip bone following treatment with loading intravenous pamidronate followed by an oral alendronate for almost a year, as an off-label indication. While intravenous bisphosphonates have been well-recognized in the treatment of fibrous dysplasia, only case reports are available to support its utility.
CASE REPORT: We report an 18 year old female with leg length discrepancy following repeated episodes of hip fracture for the past six years. She was referred to the Philippine General Hospital for recurrent severe leg pains which occurred usually at menstrual mid-cycle. This condition was associated with lateral bowing of the proximal part of the right thigh, widening of the right hip region, and shortening of the right lower limb also known as Shepherd's Crook deformity. She also had café-au-lait spots at the back of her left legs and buttocks. Skeletal survey showed radiolucent medullary expansile lytic lesions with ground glass appearance of the right femur, tibia, fibula, humerus, scapula, pubis, ischium, carpal and metacarpal bones. Patient was noted to have short stature with height of 142 cm. Arm span was 139 cms, upper body segment (crown to the coccyx) was 70cms while lower body segment (coccyx to heel left foot) was 72 cms. The difference between the left and right leg was 7 cms. Mean parental height was 160 cm. She was then referred to the Endocrinology service of this institution for evaluation of the short stature and associated endocrinopathies. On review, she had adrenarche at 8 years old followed by menarche at 10 years old. She had no goiter. She had no cushingoid features. Patient had irregular menstrual cycles with oligomenorrhea (cycle: 60-180 days). Breast development and pubic hair were staged Tanner 5. In the approach to short stature where height age is less than either the bone age or chronological age, constitutional
dwarfism, hypothyroidism, growth hormone deficiency and fibrous dyplasia must be ruled out. Constitutional dwarfism was ruled out with a midparental height of 160 cm. A normal free thyroxine (17, normal: 9-23 pmol/L), thyroid stimulating hormone (2.4, normal: 0.25-4 ulU/ml) ruled out hypothyroidism, and a normal IGF-1 (103, normal: 91-223 nmol/L) ruled out growth hormone deficiency. This left us with the consideration of fibrous dysplasia of the bone which was consistent with the earlier radiographic findings. The combination ofpolyostotic fibrous dysplasia and café au lait spots led to the impression of McCune Albright Syndrome. The most common endocrinopathy associated with McCune Albright Syndrome is a peripheral hyperfunctioning ovaries which also harbors the G-protein mutation. This was evident in our case with a high estrogen (655.8, normal: 50-250 pg/ml) and suppressed LH (1.2, normal: 1.5-5 pg/ml) and FSH (3, normal 3.5-12.5 pg/ml) with a transrectal ultrasound finding of a 2.6 x 1.7 x 1.6 cm cyst at the right ovary. This precipitated the precocious puberty andearly closure of the epiphyseal plates resulting to short stature. To screen for other endocrinopathies, a 24 hour urine free cortisol (44, 20-90 ug/day), serum prolactin (15ng/ml, normal: 0-30ng/ml), free thyroxine (17, normal: 9-23.2 pmol/L) and parathyroid hormone (13.9, normal 10-65pg/ml) was documented and ruled out associated hypercortisolemia, prolactinoma, hyperthyroidism and hyperparathyroidism respectively. The patient had no history of change in shoe size, and no coarsening of facial features that was suggestive ofacromegaly.                                                                                                                                          
TREATMENT: Pat ient underwent bone graf t ing and osteotomy to correct the shepherd's crook deformity. Three cycles of intravenous pamidronate infusion in three consecutive days was given prior to the operation. Postoperatively, patient tolerated the procedure and was discharged after three days.
OUTCOME: Shepherd's crook deformity was successfully corrected. Patient still had limp but with no pain and no new fractures for almost a year already. At present she is maintained on alendronate 70mg 1 tab once a week and calcium 1 gram per day.
CONCLUSION: We repor t a case of McCune Albright Syndrome presenting with bone deformity which was later diagnosed to be fibrous dysplasia with polyostotic involvement, and was successfully treated with initial intravenous bi sphosphonates maintained on oral bisphosphonates following a surgical procedure to correct the shepherd's crook deformity. At present, she has had no new fractures.

Human ; Female ; Young Adult ; Adolescent ; Coccyx ; Cysts ; Dwarfism ; Estrogens ; Fibrous Dysplasia, Polyostotic ; Fractures, Stress ; Growth Hormone ; Hydrocortisone ; Hyperparathyroidism ; Hyperthyroidism ; Hypothyroidism ; Mutation ; Ovary ; Parathyroid Hormone ; Thyrotropin ; Thyroxine

Gestational Diabetes Insipidus

Background: MEN-1, a rare disorder, consists of parathyroid adenoma, entero-pancreatic tumor andpituitary tumor. We report a 20-year old female with insulinoma and prolactinoma without parathyroidadenoma to complete the triad of MEN-1. A MEN-1 variant has been reported with high penetrance ofprolactinoma and another endocrine tumor, however, validity of this variant is not yet universally accepted.Clinical Presentation: A 20 year old female was referred for recurrent episodes of grandmal seizuresprecipitated by hypoglycemia for 5 years and a 2 x 1.8 cm pancreatic nodule on magnetic resonance imaging.Symptoms were relieved by eating. She gained 18 kg in 4 months prior to the referral. She was obese (BMI:32kg/m2) with amenorrhea for 1 year. She had no acne, galactorrhea, and hirsutism.Diagnostics: She was initially under a neurologist and preliminar y investigations revealed normal electroencephalogram and brain computed tomography scan. Fasting blood sugar was 43mg/dl after 12-hour fast thus definitive 72 hour fast test was done. Fasting blood sugar of 18mg/dl and aninappropriately elevated insulin (41uU/ml) and Cpeptide (25.6ng/ml) were noted after an 18-hour fast,thus insulinoma was considered. Baseline cortisol was normal (880nmol/L). Pre-operative localizationshowed a 2 x 1.8 cm pancreatic mass confirmed byan intra-operative ultrasonography. Subsequentlytumor enucleation was done. Intraoperatively, blood sugar was monitored to maintain euglycemia. To workupfor her oligomenorrhea, a normal LH (2.4pg/ml), FSH (5.2pg/ml), testosterone (0.99ng/ml), estradiol(27.9pg/ml), and 17-hydroxyprogesterone (0.416ng/ ml) were documented however prolactin (4423 U/ml)was elevated, thus MEN-1 was considered. Pituitary MRI showed a 1.2 x 1.3 adenoma with biochemicalhyperprolactinemia confirming prolactinoma. Normal ionized calcium (1.16mmol/L), parathyroid hormone(47.8pg/ml) ruled out hyperparathyroidism to complete the triad of MEN-1. Histopathology confirmed insulinomaafter staining with chromogranin and synatophysin.
Insulinoma ; Prolactinoma