Background: Particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 micrometers or smaller (PM2.5) penetrates deep into the alveoli through the respiratory tract and is characterized by its ability to induce oxidative stress, systemic inflammation, and vascular inflammation. Mongolia ranks among the countries with the highest levels of air pollution. In Ulaanbaatar, where more than half of the country’s population resides, wintertime PM2.5 concentrations often exceed 200 μg/m³, which is about eight times higher than the World Health Organization (WHO) guideline value. A study involving 1,200 adults in Ulaanbaatar showed that quality of life deteriorated sharply during periods of high air pollution, with effects more pronounced among individuals who already had impaired respiratory function. Aim: To examine the relationship between indoor household PM2.5 concentrations and lung function indicators among adults in Ulaanbaatar and Darkhan. Materials and Methods: This analytical cross-sectional study recruited adult participants from Ulaanbaatar and Darkhan through targeted sampling. Household air quality was measured using PurpleAir sensors, which were installed in participants’ homes for one month. After exposure measurement, lung function was assessed via spirometry. Statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS version 25.0. Results: A total of 236 participants were included: 114 (48.3%) from Ulaanbaatar and 122 (51.7%) from Darkhan. The sample consisted of 111 men (47.0%) and 125 women (53.0%). The mean indoor PM2.5 concentration was 66.24 μg/m³ (SD 44.87 μg/m³), ranging from a minimum of 7.79 μg/m³ to a maximum of 264.55 μg/m³. Stratification by housing type showed the highest PM2.5 levels in gers (82.34 μg/m³), followed by detached houses (67.34 μg/m³), while apartments had the lowest concentrations (32.24 μg/m³). Correlation analysis revealed statistically significant negative associations between PM2.5 levels and measures of expiratory function, including the FEV1/FVC ratio, peak expiratory flow (PEF), and mid-expiratory flow (FEF25–75). Reduced forced vital capacity (FVC) was observed in 9.4% of participants, reduced forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) in 15.3%, and a decreased FEV1/FVC ratio in 3.8%. Conclusion Indoor household PM2.5 concentrations were highest in gers, and expiratory flow-related lung function parameters showed significant negative associations with particulate exposure. This suggests that indoor PM2.5 primarily affects airflow limitation rather than overall lung volumes in this population.

Introduction: Globally, 10.5-25.9 million cases of pyelonephritis have been reported, and the nature of the disease is changing over time. In Mongolia, as of 2022 diseases of the genitourinary system has increased from the average of the last 10 years, and account for 9% of all diseases. The incidence rate by age group increased in all age groups in 2022 compared to 2013, with the largest increase in the age group over 65 with 2,104 cases. The basis of this study is to determine the use of PIM drugs based on the Beers criteria for the treatment of patients diagnosed with pyelonephritis in our country. To study the use of drugs by inpatients diagnosed with pyelonephritis (N10), (N11) in referral hospitals and the use of PIM drugs used in the treatment of elderly people. Methods: A retrospective descriptive study was conducted on the medical history of a total of 150 patients diagnosed with pyelonephritis (year 2023) at The State Secondary Central Hospital, The State Third Central Hospital, and Hovd Regional Medical Centers. Among the 150 inpatients who participated in our study, 14.3% (n=18) of 126 types of drugs were used for the treatment of pyelonephritis, and 85.7% (n=108) for the treatment of multimorbidity and supportive treatment. Inpatients used 11 types of PIM drugs according to Beers criteria. Nitrofurantoin 39% was used the most and amitriptyline 9.8% were the most used drugs affecting the central nervous system. Conclusion 11 types of drugs included in the inappropriate category for use in the elderly are risky and should not be selected. Among them, nitrofurantoin 39%, from NSAIDs ketoprofen 19.5%, ibuprofen 7.3% were most used. PIM drugs used for treatment in 2014 are still used in 2024, indicating the need for improved drug monitoring in the elderly

BACKGROUND OF STUDY: Adenocarcinoma cancer is the most common cancer in the world and the gastric happens rare however gastric neuroendocrine carcinoma is one of the leading causes of cancer death in the world and its pathogenesis and pathology diagnosis haven’t been not studied well. Our study is based on it. AIMS: 1.To determine by age and sex the 70 adenocarcinoma cases which diagnosed by endoscope at the National Cancer Center of Mongolia in 2013-2016 and to diagnose histology method of WHO. 2. To study the gastric cancer in pathology department by immunohistochemistry. MATERIAL AND METHODOLOGY: We worked on 70 patients with gastric cancer in 4th department at the National Cancer Center of Mongolia from 2013 until 2016. RESULT OF STUDY: We determined 70 patients with gastric cancer and of the 70 patients which diagnosed by pathology and immunohistochemistry 35 cases were 50.0% (Adenocarcinoma), 15 cases were 21.4% (gastric neuroendocrinecarcinoma), 2 cases were 2.9% (GIST-gastrointestinalstromal tumor), and 18 cases 25.7% (dysplasia). By sex of the 70 patients 39 cases 56% were males, 31 cases 44% were females and by age 17 cases 24.29% were 51-60 years old, 24 cases 34.29% were 61-70 years old. This results is shown the early 40 years old people has the great risk of this cancer. CONCLUSION: In our study 35 CD56 specific tissues were diagnosed by Ki67 markers and of them 15 cases were gastric neuroendocrine carcinoma and 18 cases were dysplasia determined.