Purpose: SRY-box transcription factor 4 (SOX4) is a transcription factor involved in early B cell development and has been implicated in various malignancies; however, its role in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) remains poorly understood. This study investigated the correlation between SOX4 expression and prognostic factors in CLL to determine its relevance to disease progression and clinical outcomes. Methods: A cohort of patients with CLL with a known immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region (IGHV) mutational status was analyzed for SOX4 expression using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Cor‑ relations between SOX4 levels and established prognostic markers including IGHV mutational status, cytogenetic abnormalities, and clinical outcomes were evaluated. Statistical analyses were performed to assess the association between SOX4 expression and patient survival. Results: Higher SOX4 expression was observed to be significantly associated with unmutated CLL (U-CLL) and adverse prognostic markers, including del(17)(p13). In contrast, lower SOX4 levels were observed in mutated CLL (M-CLL), and cytogenetic abnormalities were noted to be linked to favorable outcomes [del(13)(q21)]. Survival analysis indicated that elevated SOX4 expression was correlated with poor prognosis. Conclusion SOX4 expression stratifies CLL subtypes and aligns with established prognostic markers. High SOX4 levels are associated with aggressive disease phenotypes, whereas low SOX4 expression is associated with better clini‑ cal outcomes. These findings indicate that SOX4 may serve as a potential biomarker for disease classification and risk stratification. Further studies are required to elucidate the biological significance of this phenomenon.

External male genitalia have rarely been evaluated on fetal ultrasound. Apart from visualization of the penis for fetal sex determination, there are no specific instructions or recommendations from scientific societies. This study aimed to review the current knowledge about prenatal diagnosis of the scrotum and internal structures, with discussion regarding technical aspects and clinical management. We conducted an article search in Medline, EMBASE, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Web of Science databases for studies in English or Spanish language that discussed prenatal scrotal pathologies. We identified 72 studies that met the inclusion criteria. Relevant data were grouped into sections of embryology, ultrasound, pathology, and prenatal diagnosis. The scrotum and internal structures show a wide range of pathologies, with varying degrees of prevalence and morbidity. Most of the reported cases have described incidental findings diagnosed via striking ultrasound signs. Studies discussing normative data or management are scarce.

External male genitalia have rarely been evaluated on fetal ultrasound. Apart from visualization of the penis for fetal sex determination, there are no specific instructions or recommendations from scientific societies. This study aimed to review the current knowledge about prenatal diagnosis of the scrotum and internal structures, with discussion regarding technical aspects and clinical management. We conducted an article search in Medline, EMBASE, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Web of Science databases for studies in English or Spanish language that discussed prenatal scrotal pathologies. We identified 72 studies that met the inclusion criteria. Relevant data were grouped into sections of embryology, ultrasound, pathology, and prenatal diagnosis. The scrotum and internal structures show a wide range of pathologies, with varying degrees of prevalence and morbidity. Most of the reported cases have described incidental findings diagnosed via striking ultrasound signs. Studies discussing normative data or management are scarce.