Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)is the chronic liver disease with the highest global preva-lence.It has multiple causes and complex mechanisms,and its prevalence is increasing year by year.Currently,there are still no drugs that are widely promoted and used.Quercetin possesses multiple pharmacological activities such as antioxida-tion,anti-inflammation,lipid-lowering and regulation of intestinal flora.Recent studies have shown that it can intervene in the progression of NAFLD through multiple pathways,including anti-inflammation,promotion of autophagy,inhibition of oxidative stress,attenuation of insulin resistance,regulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress and improvement of cogni-tion.In addition,quercetin can also inhibit diabetes mellitus complicated with NAFLD lesions.This article reviews the mechanism by which quercetin alleviates NAFLD,with the aim of providing a reference for the clinical prevention and treatment of NAFLD.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)is the chronic liver disease with the highest global preva-lence.It has multiple causes and complex mechanisms,and its prevalence is increasing year by year.Currently,there are still no drugs that are widely promoted and used.Quercetin possesses multiple pharmacological activities such as antioxida-tion,anti-inflammation,lipid-lowering and regulation of intestinal flora.Recent studies have shown that it can intervene in the progression of NAFLD through multiple pathways,including anti-inflammation,promotion of autophagy,inhibition of oxidative stress,attenuation of insulin resistance,regulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress and improvement of cogni-tion.In addition,quercetin can also inhibit diabetes mellitus complicated with NAFLD lesions.This article reviews the mechanism by which quercetin alleviates NAFLD,with the aim of providing a reference for the clinical prevention and treatment of NAFLD.

OBJECTIVES: To explore the effects of hypoxic and hypobaric conditions on blood gas and erythrocyte-related indicators in rats. METHODS: SD male rats were exposed to low-pressure hypoxic conditions simulating an altitude of 6500 m in a small or a large experimental cabin. Abdominal aortic blood samples were collected and blood gas indicators, red blood cells (RBCs) count, and hemoglobin (Hb) content were measured. The effects of exposure to different hypoxia times, different hypoxia modes, normal oxygen recovery after hypoxia, and re-hypoxia after hypoxia preconditioning on blood gas indicators, RBCs count and Hb content were investigated. RESULTS: The effect of blood gas indicators was correlated with the length of exposure time of hypoxia and the reoxygenation after leaving the cabin. Hypoxia caused acid-base imbalance and its severity was associated with the duration of hypoxia; hypoxia also led to an increase in RBCs count and Hb content, and the increase was also related to the time exposed to hypoxia. The effects of reoxygenation on acid-base imbalance in rats caged in a small animal cabin were more severe that those in a large experimental cabin. Acetazolamide alleviated the effects of reoxygenation after leaving the cabin. Different hypoxia modes and administration of acetazolamide had little effect on RBCs count and Hb content. Normal oxygen recovery can alleviate the reoxygenation and acid-base imbalance of hypoxic rats after leaving the cabin and improve the increase in red blood cell and hemoglobin content caused by hypoxia. The improvement of hypoxia preconditioning on post hypoxia reoxygenation is not significant, but it can alleviate the acid-base imbalance caused by hypoxia in rats and to some extent improve the increase in red blood cell and hemoglobin content caused by hypoxia. CONCLUSIONS Due to excessive ventilation and elevated RBCs count and Hb content after hypoxia reoxygenation, oxygen partial pressure and other oxygenation indicators in hypoxic rats are prone to become abnormal, while blood gas acid-base balance indicators are relatively stable, which are more suitable for evaluating the degree of hypoxia injury and related pharmacological effects in rats.
Rats ; Animals ; Male ; Acetazolamide ; Hypoxia ; Oxygen ; Erythrocytes ; Hemoglobins ; Acid-Base Imbalance