Neuroscience is a significant frontier discipline within the natural sciences and has become an important interdisciplinary frontier scientific field. Brain is one of the most complex organs in the human body, and its structural and functional analysis is considered the “ultimate frontier” of human self-awareness and exploration of nature. Driven by the strategic layout of “China Brain Project”, Chinese scientists have conducted systematic research focusing on “understanding the brain, simulating the brain, and protecting the brain”. They have made breakthrough progress in areas such as the principles of brain cognition, mechanisms and interventions for brain diseases, brain-like computation, and applications of brain-machine intelligence technology, aiming to enhance brain health through biomedical technology and improve the quality of human life. Due to limited understanding and comprehension of neuroscience, there are still many important unresolved issues in the field of neuroscience, resulting in a lack of effective measures to prevent and protect brain health. Therefore, in addition to actively developing new generation drugs, exploring non pharmacological treatment strategies with better health benefits and higher safety is particularly important. Epidemiological data shows that, exercise is not only an indispensable part of daily life but also an important non-pharmacological approach for protecting brain health and preventing neurodegenerative diseases, forming an emerging research field known as motor neuroscience. Basic research in motor neuroscience primarily focuses on analyzing the dynamic coding mechanisms of neural circuits involved in motor control, breakthroughs in motor neuroscience research depend on the construction of dynamic monitoring systems across temporal and spatial scales. Therefore, high spatiotemporal resolution detection of movement processes and movement-induced changes in brain structure and neural activity signals is an important technical foundation for conducting motor neuroscience research and has developed a set of tools based on traditional neuroscience methods combined with novel motor behavior decoding technologies, providing an innovative technical platform for motor neuroscience research. The protective effect of exercise in neurodegenerative diseases provides broad application prospects for its clinical translation. Applied research in motor neuroscience centers on deciphering the regulatory networks of neuroprotective molecules mediated by exercise. From the perspectives of exercise promoting neurogenesis and regeneration, enhancing synaptic plasticity, modulating neuronal functional activity, and remodeling the molecular homeostasis of the neuronal microenvironment, it aims to improve cognitive function and reduce the incidence of Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease. This has also advanced research into the molecular regulatory networks mediating exercise-induced neuroprotection and facilitated the clinical application and promotion of exercise rehabilitation strategies. Multidimensional analysis of exercise-regulated neural plasticity is the theoretical basis for elucidating the brain-protective mechanisms mediated by exercise and developing intervention strategies for neurological diseases. Thus,real-time analysis of different neural signals during active exercise is needed to study the health effects of exercise throughout the entire life cycle and enhance lifelong sports awareness. Therefore, this article will systematically summarize the innovative technological developments in motor neuroscience research, review the mechanisms of neural plasticity that exercise utilizes to protect the brain, and explore the role of exercise in the prevention and treatment of major neurodegenerative diseases. This aims to provide new ideas for future theoretical innovations and clinical applications in the field of exercise-induced brain protection.

Objective To explore the relationship between axillary artery and axillary vein by combining computed tomography angiography computed tomography angiography(CTA)and computed tomography venography(CTV),and to provide imaging data for establishing an effective blood circulation pathway for vascular injury in clinical transaxillary surgery.Methods The image data of 30 patients who underwent left upper limb and axillary CTA and CTV at the same time were collected.After three-dimensional reconstruction of the images by GE AW4.6 workstation,the course,branch type and variation of axillary artery,the course of axillary vein,the reflux of subordinate branches and the relationship between axillary artery and axillary vein were observed.The length of the whole segment,the length of segment and the inner diameter of the starting point of each segment were measured and statistically analyzed.Results According to the number of branches from the main trunk,the axillary artery was divided into 7 types.According to the variation of the number of blood vessels,the axillary vein was divided into 5 types;The unknown vein branches converge into 32 branches,of which the first segment accounted for 37.5％,the second segment accounted for 46.9％,and the third segment accounted for 15.6％.According to the absence of arterial branches,the relationship between axillary artery and axillary vein was divided into 2 types.Conclusion There are many types of branches of axillary arteries and branches of axillary veins,and the variation types are complex.The changes of branches of axillary arteries affect the distribution of branches of axillary veins.Combined with CTA and CTV images,the relationship between axillary vessels can be reflected clearly and intuitively,which can provide imaging reference for the establishment of new ways of blood supply and reflux in clinical axillary treatment.

Objective:To observe the efficacy and safety of polatuzumab vedotin(pola)combined with chemotherapy in the treatment of relapsed and refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma(R/R DLBCL).Methods:A total of 23 patients with R/R DLBCL treated at the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University and its Liangzhu Branch from April 2023 to March 2024 were retrospectively collected.All patients were treated with pola combined with chemotherapy regimens such as BR,R-GDP,R-CHOP,or other regimens.Results:All 23 patients were evaluable for efficacy,with 10 achieving complete response(CR),7 partial response(PR),3 stable disease(SD),and 3 progressive disease(PD).The most common adverse events included myelosuppression,fever,and pulmonary infection.No severe adverse events resulted in drug withdrawal.Conclusion:Pola combined with chemotherapy demonstrates promising efficacy and a favorable safety profile in the treatment of R/R DLBCL.

Objective To evaluate the safety and efficacy of valve-in-valve transcatheter mitral valve replacement(ViV-TMVR)in patients with bioprosthetic valve degeneration who are at high surgical risk.Methods This study is a multi-center,retrospective cohort analysis of 20 consecutive patients who underwent transseptal ViV-TMVR using the Edwards SAPIEN 3 transcatheter heart valve(THV).The primary endpoints include technical success and procedural success,both defined according to the Mitral Valve Academic Research Consortium(MVARC)criteria,as well as mortality and functional change assessed based on New York Heart Association(NYHA)classification at 30-days and six months post-procedure.Clinical follow-up assessments are conducted at 30-days and six months.Results From February 2021 to October 2022,a total of 20 patients with symptoms of bioprosthetic valve degeneration were enrolled across nine sites in China.The patients had a mean age of(73.5±5.5)years,with 85.0％being females and 70.0％classified as NYHA class Ⅲ/Ⅳ.The study achieved a 100.0％technical success rate and a 90.0％procedural success rate finally.All patients remained alive during the 30-day follow-up period.However,six months post-intervention,two patients(10.0％)were re-hospitalized due to heart failure,and sadly,one of them(5.0％)died.None of the patients reported any adverse events related to ViV-TMVR during the follow-up period.Notably,there was a significant improvement in NYHA class compared to baseline(P=0.0004)at six-month follow-ups.Conclusions The transseptal ViV-TMVR technique proved to be highly successful and was associated with significant improvement in NYHA class function.These findings strongly suggest that it serves as a safe and efficient treatment alternative for high-risk patients suffering from bioprosthetic valve degeneration.

Objective:To explore the screening value of platelet parameters from blood cell analysis for MYH9-related disorders(MYH9-RD).Methods:A cross-sectional study was conducted with 38 patients diagnosed with MYH9-RD at Shenzhen Children's Hospital from May 1, 2016, to August 31, 2024, including 24 males and 14 females; the median age was 11.5 (3.8, 35) years; categorized by gene mutation location into "head region" ( n=8 ) and "tail region" ( n=30); and by clinical manifestations into " isolated hematological manifestations" ( n=16) and "hematological manifestations with extra-hematological involvement"( n=22). The control groups included 39 cases of immune thrombocytopenia (ITP), 38 cases of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), and 40 healthy individuals. Platelet-related parameters were detected by hematology analyzer, and platelet counts and sizes were confirmed by manually counting and microscopic observation. Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare platelet parameters between MYH9-RD and control groups. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to assess the diagnostic efficacy of platelet parameters for MYH9-RD. Results:In MYH9-RD patients the median value of mean platelet volume (MPV) was 13.4 (11.2, 14.7) fl, immature platelet fraction (IPF) was 52.7% (43.5%, 58.0%), platelet large cell ratio(PLCR) was 57.6 %(45.0%, 62.9%), and microscopic large platelet ratio (PLCR-M) was 30.0% (25.0%, 30.0%).And those values weresignificantly higher than in ITP, ALL, and healthy controls (all P<0.05). Patients with MYH9 gene "head region" mutations had a lower platelet count [24.5 (15.0, 47.5)×10 9/L]than those with "tail region" mutations [69.0 (49.5, 86.3) ×10 9/L]( Z=-3.493, P<0.001), but a higher IPF ( t=2.024, P=0.044).Patients with "extra-hematological involvement had a lower platelet count than those with "isolated hematological manifestations" ( t=-2.015, P=0.043). The optimal cutoff value for diagnosing MYH9-RD with IPF was 26.7%, with a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 98.7%; the area under the curve was 0.999 (95% CI 0.995-1.000), which was superior toMPV, PLCR and PLCR-M parameters. Conclusion:IPF is superior to other platelet parameters sush as MPV,showing high diagnostic efficacy in distinguishing MYH9-RD from ITP and ALL. It can be used as a simple and effective indicator for early screening of MYH9-RD.

Objective:To observe the efficacy and safety of polatuzumab vedotin(pola)combined with chemotherapy in the treatment of relapsed and refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma(R/R DLBCL).Methods:A total of 23 patients with R/R DLBCL treated at the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University and its Liangzhu Branch from April 2023 to March 2024 were retrospectively collected.All patients were treated with pola combined with chemotherapy regimens such as BR,R-GDP,R-CHOP,or other regimens.Results:All 23 patients were evaluable for efficacy,with 10 achieving complete response(CR),7 partial response(PR),3 stable disease(SD),and 3 progressive disease(PD).The most common adverse events included myelosuppression,fever,and pulmonary infection.No severe adverse events resulted in drug withdrawal.Conclusion:Pola combined with chemotherapy demonstrates promising efficacy and a favorable safety profile in the treatment of R/R DLBCL.

Objective To evaluate the safety and efficacy of valve-in-valve transcatheter mitral valve replacement(ViV-TMVR)in patients with bioprosthetic valve degeneration who are at high surgical risk.Methods This study is a multi-center,retrospective cohort analysis of 20 consecutive patients who underwent transseptal ViV-TMVR using the Edwards SAPIEN 3 transcatheter heart valve(THV).The primary endpoints include technical success and procedural success,both defined according to the Mitral Valve Academic Research Consortium(MVARC)criteria,as well as mortality and functional change assessed based on New York Heart Association(NYHA)classification at 30-days and six months post-procedure.Clinical follow-up assessments are conducted at 30-days and six months.Results From February 2021 to October 2022,a total of 20 patients with symptoms of bioprosthetic valve degeneration were enrolled across nine sites in China.The patients had a mean age of(73.5±5.5)years,with 85.0％being females and 70.0％classified as NYHA class Ⅲ/Ⅳ.The study achieved a 100.0％technical success rate and a 90.0％procedural success rate finally.All patients remained alive during the 30-day follow-up period.However,six months post-intervention,two patients(10.0％)were re-hospitalized due to heart failure,and sadly,one of them(5.0％)died.None of the patients reported any adverse events related to ViV-TMVR during the follow-up period.Notably,there was a significant improvement in NYHA class compared to baseline(P=0.0004)at six-month follow-ups.Conclusions The transseptal ViV-TMVR technique proved to be highly successful and was associated with significant improvement in NYHA class function.These findings strongly suggest that it serves as a safe and efficient treatment alternative for high-risk patients suffering from bioprosthetic valve degeneration.

Objective:To systematically evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of Tonifying kidney and activating blood thera-py for the treatment of diabetic mellitus erectile dysfunction.Methods:China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI),Wanfang Data,VIP,Chinese Biomedical Database(CBM),PubMed,Cochrane Library,Embase and Web of Science were searched from incep-tion until October 20th of 2024,for randomized controlled trials of Tonifying kidney and activating blood therapy for the treatment of dia-betic erectile dysfunction.Literature screening,quality evaluation,and data extraction were carried out in accordance with relevant standards.The software of RevMan5.4 was used for the analysis of publication bias.And meta-analysis was conducted to assess the im-pact of this therapy on IIEF-5,total effective rate,adverse reactions.The evidence levels according to the analysis results were evalua-ted.Results:Totally 19 RCTs were included,involving 1 612 patients.The result of meta-analysis indicated that Tonifying kidney and activating blood therapy had advantages on the improvement of IIEF-5 scores(MD=3.59,95％CI[2.14,5.03],P＜0.01),total effective rate(OR=4.30,95％CI[3.29,5.32],P＜0.000 01).However,there was no statistically significant difference in the inci-dence of adverse reactions(OR=0.98,95％CI[0.48,2.01],P=0.96)between the two groups.Conclusions:Tonifying kidney and activating blood therapy can improve the clinical efficacy and IIEF-5 score for the patients with diabetic erectile dysfunction.But considering the limited quantity of included studies,more high-quality studies still be needed to validate the therapeutic effect.

Objective:To explore the screening value of platelet parameters from blood cell analysis for MYH9-related disorders(MYH9-RD).Methods:A cross-sectional study was conducted with 38 patients diagnosed with MYH9-RD at Shenzhen Children's Hospital from May 1, 2016, to August 31, 2024, including 24 males and 14 females; the median age was 11.5 (3.8, 35) years; categorized by gene mutation location into "head region" ( n=8 ) and "tail region" ( n=30); and by clinical manifestations into " isolated hematological manifestations" ( n=16) and "hematological manifestations with extra-hematological involvement"( n=22). The control groups included 39 cases of immune thrombocytopenia (ITP), 38 cases of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), and 40 healthy individuals. Platelet-related parameters were detected by hematology analyzer, and platelet counts and sizes were confirmed by manually counting and microscopic observation. Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare platelet parameters between MYH9-RD and control groups. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to assess the diagnostic efficacy of platelet parameters for MYH9-RD. Results:In MYH9-RD patients the median value of mean platelet volume (MPV) was 13.4 (11.2, 14.7) fl, immature platelet fraction (IPF) was 52.7% (43.5%, 58.0%), platelet large cell ratio(PLCR) was 57.6 %(45.0%, 62.9%), and microscopic large platelet ratio (PLCR-M) was 30.0% (25.0%, 30.0%).And those values weresignificantly higher than in ITP, ALL, and healthy controls (all P<0.05). Patients with MYH9 gene "head region" mutations had a lower platelet count [24.5 (15.0, 47.5)×10 9/L]than those with "tail region" mutations [69.0 (49.5, 86.3) ×10 9/L]( Z=-3.493, P<0.001), but a higher IPF ( t=2.024, P=0.044).Patients with "extra-hematological involvement had a lower platelet count than those with "isolated hematological manifestations" ( t=-2.015, P=0.043). The optimal cutoff value for diagnosing MYH9-RD with IPF was 26.7%, with a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 98.7%; the area under the curve was 0.999 (95% CI 0.995-1.000), which was superior toMPV, PLCR and PLCR-M parameters. Conclusion:IPF is superior to other platelet parameters sush as MPV,showing high diagnostic efficacy in distinguishing MYH9-RD from ITP and ALL. It can be used as a simple and effective indicator for early screening of MYH9-RD.

Objective     To explore the correlation between the imaging features of peripheral ground-glass pulmonary nodules and the invasion degree of lung adenocarcinoma, and the high risk factors for infiltrating lung adenocarcinoma under thin-slice CT, which provides some reference for clinicians to plan the surgical methods of pulmonary nodules before operation and to better communicate with patients, and assists in building a clinical predictive model for invasive adenocarcinoma. Methods    Clinical data of the patients with peripheral ground-glass pulmonary nodules (diameter≤3 cm) in thin-slice chest CT in the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University from January 2019 to January 2020 were continuously collected. All patients underwent thin-slice CT scan and thoracoscopic surgery in our center. According to the pathological examination results, they were divided into two groups: an adenocarcinoma lesions before infiltration group, and an invasive lung adenocarcinoma group. The thin-slice CT imaging parameters of pulmonary nodules were collected. The nodular diameter, mean CT value, consolidation tumor ratio (CTR), nodular shape, vacuolar sign, bronchial air sign, lobulation sign, burr sign, lesion boundary, pleural depression sign, vascular cluster sign and other clinical data were collected. Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to analyze the independent risk factors for the infiltrating lung adenocarcinoma, and to analyze the threshold value and efficacy of each factor for the identification of infiltrating lung adenocarcinoma. Results     Finally 190 patients were enrolled. There were 110 patients in the adenocarcinoma lesions before infiltration group, including 21 males and 89 females with a mean age of 53.57±10.90 years, and 80 patients in the invasive lung adenocarcinoma group, including 31 males and 49 females with a mean age of 56.45±11.30 years. There was a statistical difference in the mean CT value, nodular diameter, CTR, gender, smoking, nodular type, nodular shape, vacuolar sign, lobulation sign, burr sign, lesion boundary, pleural depression sign, vascular cluster sign between the two groups (P<0.05). However, there was no statistical difference between the two groups in age (P=0.081), lesion site (P=0.675), and bronchial air sign (P=0.051). Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that nodular diameter, mean CT value, CTR and lobulation sign were independent risk factors for differentiating preinvasive adenocarcinoma from invasive adenocarcinoma. At the same time, the threshold value was calculated by Youden index, indicating that the CTR was 0.45, the nodal diameter was 10.5 mm and the mean CT value was –452 Hu. Conclusion     In the peripheral ground-glass pulmonary nodules, according to the patient's CT imaging features, such as mixed ground-glass nodules, irregular shapes, vacuoles, short burrs, clear boundaries, pleural indentations, and vascular clusters, have a certain reference value in the discrimination of the invasion degree of ground-glass pulmonary nodules. At the same time, it is found in this research that peripheral ground-glass pulmonary nodules with diameter greater than 10.5 mm, CT value greater than –452 Hu, CTR greater than 0.45 and lobulation sign are more likely to be infiltrating lung adenocarcinoma.