The red doctor spirit is a unique spiritual form and value pursuit nurtured. It was nurtured and formed during the medical practice of the Communist Party of China leading the vast medical workers to integrate the basic principles of Marxism with the concrete realities of the Chinese revolution and with the excellent traditional Chinese medical ethics culture. It constitutes not only an important component of the spiritual spectrum of the Chinese Communists but also a significant source of the health and wellness culture of socialism with Chinese characteristics. Employing the analytical framework of the “two integrations，” this paper conducted an in-depth analysis of the generative logic of the red doctor spirit. It revealed that this spirit was not only the creative transformation and concrete manifestation of Marxist core concepts such as human emancipation and the people-centered stance in the medical and health practices of the Chinese revolution， but also an integration and elevation of traditional medical ethics like “the caring heart of a physician” and “a master physician must have superb skill and sincerity” in the excellent traditional Chinese culture with the red revolutionary culture at the practical level. This paper argued that the generation of the red doctor spirit was the product of a dialectical unity regarding theoretical guidance， cultural nourishment， and practical exploration under specific historical conditions. Situated in the new era， the red doctor spirit continues to exhibit strong vitality and irreplaceable contemporary value in aspects such as adhering to the people-first principle， advancing the healthy China initiative， strengthening medical ethics and professional conduct， carrying forward the red gene， and cultivating new generations for the era.

ObjectiveTo construct a multifunctional liposomal delivery system by replacing cholesterol（Chol） in conventional liposomes with saikosaponin D（SSD） and modifying with poloxamer 407（P407） for co-delivery of curcumin（Cur）. The system was evaluated for in vivo tumor targeting and inhibitory effects on mouse subcutaneous solid tumors. MethodsSingle-factor and orthogonal tests combined with information entropy weighting were used to optimize the formulation process of the liposome with encapsulation efficiency and absolute Zeta potential as indexes， and validation studies and liposomal characterization were performed. A subcutaneous solid tumor model was established by injecting H22 hepatocellular carcinoma cells subcutaneously into the dorsal surface of the right forelimb of mice. DiR-loaded traditional Chol liposomes（P407-DiR-Chol-LPs， PDCL） and novel SSD-based liposomes（P407-DiR-SSD-LPs， PDSL） were prepared by the optimized formulation process， and tail vein injection was performed to investigate the impact of SSD on liposome tumor targeting with small animal in vivo imaging. Mice were randomly divided into eight groups， including blank group， model group， free doxorubicin（DOX） group（2 mg·kg^-1）， free Cur group（8 mg·kg^-1）， free SSD group（10 mg·kg^-1）， P407-Cur-Chol-LPs（PCCL） group， P407-SSD-LPs（PSL） group， and P407-Cur-SSD-Lps（PCSL） group. Treatments were administered intraperitoneally every other day for seven doses. Antitumor efficacy and biocompatibility were evaluated by monitoring body weight change， organ indices， tumor volume and mass， relative tumor proliferation rate（T/C）， and tumor growth inhibition rate（TGI）. Histopathological analysis of liver， kidney， and tumor tissues was performed using hematoxylin-eosin（HE） staining. Serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase（AST）， alanine aminotransferase （ALT）， blood urea nitrogen（BUN）， and creatinine（Crea）in mice were quantified by fully automated biochemical analyzer. ResultsOrthogonal test yielded optimal ratios of Cur， SSD， and P407 to soybean phosphatidylcholine（SPC） as 1∶25， 1∶20， and 1∶4. The optimized PCSL exhibited spherical morphology with a particle size of 179.15 nm， a Zeta potential of -47.25 mV， and an encapsulation efficiency of 96.40%. Its in vitro release profile conformed to first-order kinetics， demonstrating excellent storage stability and hemocompatibility. In vivo imaging revealed that the fluorescence signal in tumor tissues and the fluorescence intensity ratio between tumors and organs were significantly higher in the PDSL group than in the PDCL group（P<0.05， P<0.01）. Among the treatment groups， PCSL group showed superior efficacy over free Cur group， free SSD group， PCCL group， and PSL group， with TGI>40% and T/C<60%， indicating pronounced anti-hepatocellular carcinoma effects（P<0.05， P<0.01）. Histopathology and serum biochemistry indicated minimal hepatorenal toxicity and improved hepatic and renal function in PCSL-treated mice. ConclusionReplacing Chol with SSD in preparing multifunctional drug delivery systems not only stabilizes liposomes but also yields superior anti-hepatocellular carcinoma efficacy， achieving the effect of drug-excipient integration. Co-delivery of Cur via this system can be used for treating subcutaneous solid tumors in hepatocellular carcinoma， providing new insights and technical approaches for anti-hepatocellular carcinoma research and the meridian-guiding and messenger-directing theory in traditional Chinese medicine.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease（COPD）， characterized primarily by persistent airflow limitation and chronic airway inflammation， is a major chronic respiratory disease with persistently high morbidity and mortality. In recent years， macrophage pyroptosis， as an inflammatory form of programmed cell death， has been recognized as playing a key role in amplifying inflammatory responses and promoting tissue damage. According to traditional Chinese medicine（TCM） theory， spleen failing to disperse essence constitutes an important pathological basis for various chronic diseases， clinically manifesting as impaired transportation and transformation， internal generation of phlegm-dampness， and accumulation of turbid toxins. Based on a review of classical TCM pathogenesis and modern molecular biological research， this study proposes that there may be a correlation between spleen failing to disperse essence and macrophage pyroptosis in the pathogenesis of COPD. Specifically， metabolic and immune disturbances such as glucotoxicity， lipotoxicity， and enterotoxicity may trigger macrophage pyroptosis through the advanced glycation end products（AGEs）/AGEs receptor（RAGE）/reactive oxygen species（ROS）， fatty acids/Toll-like receptor 4（TLR4）， and lipopolysaccharide（LPS）/nuclear transcription factor-κB（NF-κB）/NOD-like receptor protein 3（NLRP3） signaling pathways. Excessive pyroptosis， in turn， exacerbates metabolic dysregulation and inflammatory responses， forming a vicious cycle. Furthermore， TCM interventions such as strengthening the spleen and tonifying Qi， as well as resolving dampness and detoxifying， have demonstrated potential in modulating pyroptosis-related signaling pathways， including NF-κB， the NLRP3 inflammasome， and autophagy. In summary， this article explores the role of spleen failing to disperse essence-macrophage pyroptosis mechanism in COPD and highlights possible therapeutic strategies of TCM， providing new insights for integrated Chinese and western medical research and clinical practice.

The Guidelines for Establishing Animal Models of Rheumatoid Arthritis with Cold-dampness Obstruction Syndrome and Dampness-heat Obstruction Syndrome （hereinafter referred to as the Guidelines） （No. T/CACM1567-2024） was published by Chinese Association of Chinese Medicine on January 11， 2024. To assist researchers and medical workers in understanding and applying the Guidelines more accurately， and also to provide reference and assistance for the establishment of guidelines on other types of diseases and syndromes combined with animal models， this paper made a declaration of the workflow， technological links， development references， promotion of its application and after-effect evaluation of the Guidelines that has been made according to the requirements of "Draft Group Standard of the Standardization Office of the Chinese Association of Traditional Chinese Medicine".

ObjectiveTo observe the effectiveness and safety of Jiuzihuichun decoction combined with spleen- strengthening moxibustion in patients with asthenospermia infertility with spleen-kidney deficiency pattern. MethodsA total of 82 patients with asthenospermia of spleen-kidney deficiency pattern in Shanghai Seventh People's Hospital were included. The patients were randomly divided into an observation group and a control group， with 41 patients in each group. The control group received oral administration of WuziYanzong pills combined with spleen-strengthening moxibustion. The dosage of Wuzi Yanzong pills was 1 bag each time， and it was taken twice a day. The spleen-strengthening moxibustion was carried out once a week. The observation group， on the other hand， took Jiuzi Huichun decoction orally combined with spleen-strengthening moxibustion. The Jiuzi Huichun Decoction was taken 200 mL each time， twice a day， with one dose in the morning and one in the evening. The spleen-strengthening moxibustion for the observation group was also performed once a week. The treatment course for both groups was 12 weeks， and they were followed up for an additional 12 weeks. During the treatment process，12 cases were either lost to follow-up or excluded. Eventually， 70 cases were available for evaluation，with 35 cases in the control group and 35 cases in the observation group. The pregnancy status of the patients' spouse within 6 months was recorded. The traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） syndrome scores of spleen-kidney deficiency pattern before and after treatment were evaluated. The semen volume，semen routine parameters，normal sperm morphology，sperm DNA fragmentation index，seminal plasma fructose，seminal plasma acid phosphatase， and seminal plasma α-glucosidase levels of the two groups were detected before and after treatment. In addition， the safety indicators related to liver and kidney functions of the two groups were detected before and after treatment. ResultsDuring the 6-month observation period， when compared with the situation before treatment in their respective groups，the semen volume of the observation group and the control group increased. In contrast， the sperm concentration，sperm motility，proportion of a+b-grade sperm，normal sperm morphology，seminal plasma fructose，seminal plasma acid phosphatase，seminal plasma α-Glucosidase，the proportion of a-grade sperm，linear sperm motility，linear sperm concentration， and linear sperm count all increased significantly（P<0.05）. At the same time， the sperm DNA fragmentation index and the TCM syndrome scores of the spleen-kidney deficiency pattern decreased significantly（P<0.05）. When the observation group was compared with the control group after treatment， the clinical efficacy of the observation group was better（Z=-2.276，P<0.05）. The pregnancy rate of the observation group's spouses was 14.3%，which was higher than the 2.9% of the control group. The sperm motility， the proportion of a+b-grade sperm，seminal plasma fructose，the proportion of a-grade sperm，normal sperm morphology，α-glucosidase， and linear sperm motility in the observation group were higher than those in the control group （P<0.05）. Moreover， the sperm DNA fragmentation index and the TCM syndrome scores of spleen-kidney deficiency pattern in the observation group were lower than those in the control group （P<0.01）. No serious adverse reactions occurred in the two groups，and no abnormalities were found in the safety indicators after treatment. ConclusionJiuzi Huichun decoction combined with spleen-strengthening moxibustion can enhance sperm viability and sperm concentration. It can also improve the TCM-related symptoms of asthenospermia of spleen-kidney deficiency pattern and sperm morphology. Additionally， it can reduce the sperm DNA fragmentation index and regulate the level of seminal plasma bioenzyme in patients with male asthenospermia infertility of spleen-kidney deficiency pattern. Therefore， it is worthy of further promotion and application in clinical practice.

Reproductive system diseases are among the primary contributors to the decline in social fertility rates and the intensification of aging, posing significant threats to both physical and mental health, as well as quality of life. Recent research has revealed the substantial potential of the gut microbiota in improving reproductive system diseases. Under healthy conditions, the gut microbiota maintains a dynamic balance, whereas dysfunction can trigger immune-inflammatory responses, metabolic disorders, and other issues, subsequently leading to reproductive system diseases through the gut-gonadal axis. Reproductive diseases, in turn, can exacerbate gut microbiota imbalance. This article reviews the impact of the gut microbiota and its metabolites on both male and female reproductive systems, analyzing changes in typical gut microorganisms and their metabolites related to reproductive function. The composition, diversity, and metabolites of gut bacteria, such as Bacteroides, Prevotella, and Firmicutes, including short-chain fatty acids, 5-hydroxytryptamine, γ-aminobutyric acid, and bile acids, are closely linked to reproductive function. As reproductive diseases develop, intestinal immune function typically undergoes changes, and the expression levels of immune-related factors, such as Toll-like receptors and inflammatory cytokines (including IL-6, TNF-α, and TGF-β), also vary. The gut microbiota and its metabolites influence reproductive hormones such as estrogen, luteinizing hormone, and testosterone, thereby affecting folliculogenesis and spermatogenesis. Additionally, the metabolism and absorption of vitamins can also impact spermatogenesis through the gut-testis axis. As the relationship between the gut microbiota and reproductive diseases becomes clearer, targeted regulation of the gut microbiota can be employed to address reproductive system issues in both humans and animals. This article discusses the regulation of the gut microbiota and intestinal immune function through microecological preparations, fecal microbiota transplantation, and drug therapy to treat reproductive diseases. Microbial preparations and drug therapy can help maintain the intestinal barrier and reduce chronic inflammation. Fecal microbiota transplantation involves transferring feces from healthy individuals into the recipient’s intestine, enhancing mucosal integrity and increasing microbial diversity. This article also delves into the underlying mechanisms by which the gut microbiota influences reproductive capacity through the gut-gonadal axis and explores the latest research in diagnosing and treating reproductive diseases using gut microbiota. The goal is to restore reproductive capacity by targeting the regulation of the gut microbiota. While the gut microbiota holds promise as a therapeutic target for reproductive diseases, several challenges remain. First, research on the association between gut microbiota and reproductive diseases is insufficient to establish a clear causal relationship, which is essential for proposing effective therapeutic methods targeting the gut microbiota. Second, although gut microbiota metabolites can influence lipid, glucose, and hormone synthesis and metabolism via various signaling pathways—thereby indirectly affecting ovarian and testicular function—more in-depth research is required to understand the direct effects of these metabolites on germ cells or granulosa cells. Lastly, the specific efficacy of gut microbiota in treating reproductive diseases is influenced by multiple factors, necessitating further mechanistic research and clinical studies to validate and optimize treatment regimens.

Objective: The CT/MRI Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System (LI-RADS) demonstrates high specificity with relatively limited sensitivity for diagnosing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in high-risk patients. This study aimed to explore the possibility of improving sensitivity by combining CT/MRI LI-RADS v2018 with second-line contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) LI-RADS v2017 using sulfur hexafluoride (SHF) or perfluorobutane (PFB). Materials and Methods: This retrospective analysis of prospectively collected multicenter data included high-risk patients with treatment-naive hepatic observations. The reference standard was pathological confirmation or a composite reference standard (only for benign lesions). Each participant underwent concurrent CT/MRI, SHF-enhanced US, and PFB-enhanced US examinations. The diagnostic performances for HCC of CT/MRI LI-RADS alone and three combination strategies (combining CT/ MRI LI-RADS with either LI-RADS SHF, LI-RADS PFB, or a modified algorithm incorporating the Kupffer-phase findings for PFB [modified PFB]) were evaluated. For the three combination strategies, apart from the CT/MRI LR-5 criteria, HCC was diagnosed if CT/MRI LR-3 or LR-4 observations met the LR-5 criteria using LI-RADS SHF, LI-RADS PFB, or modified PFB. Results: In total, 281 participants (237 males; mean age, 55 ± 11 years) with 306 observations (227 HCCs, 40 non-HCC malignancies, and 39 benign lesions) were included. Using LI-RADS SHF, LI-RADS PFB, and modified PFB, 20, 23, and 31 CT/MRI LR-3/4 observations, respectively, were reclassified as LR-5, and all were pathologically confirmed as HCCs. Compared to CT/MRI LI-RADS alone (74%, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 68%–79%), the three combination strategies combining CT/MRI LI-RADS with either LI-RADS SHF, LI-RADS PFB, or modified PFB increased sensitivity (83% [95% CI: 77%–87%], 84% [95% CI: 79%–89%], 88% [95% CI: 83%–92%], respectively; all P < 0.001), while maintaining the specificity at 92% (95% CI: 84%–97%). Conclusion The combination of CT/MRI LI-RADS with second-line CEUS using SHF or PFB improved the sensitivity of HCC diagnosis without compromising specificity.

Objective: To compare the changes in the concentration of relevant growth factors released from platelet-rich plasma (PRP) stored at -80℃ by cryopreservation and at 4℃ by refrigerated lyophilization over 2 years, aiming to provide a theoretical basis for prolonging PRP storage duration. Methods: PRP (n=15) was separated using a blood cell separator and stored under -80℃ cryopreservation (F-PRP group) and 4℃ refrigerated freeze-drying conditions (FD-PRP group). The contents of growth factors (PDGF-AA, PDGF-BB, EGF, TGF-β1, and VEGF) in both groups were measured by ELISA at 1, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 24 months. Results: PDGF-AA and VEGF maintained good stability in both groups for up to 24 months. PDGF-BB and TGF-β1 showed high stability in the first 12 months but their stability decreased gradually from 12th to 24th months. EGF demonstrated good stability in the first 6 months, and its stability gradually decreased from the 9th to 24th months. Comparing the F-PRP and FD-PRP groups, the concentrations of the five growth factors in the FD-PRP group were either not statistically different or higher than those in the F-PRP group at all time points. Specifically, the concentrations of EGF were significantly higher in the FD-PRP group at all time points. Conclusion: Both -80℃ freezing and 4℃ freeze-drying enable long-term preservation of PRP. Freeze-drying imposes less stringent storage requirements and facilitates growth factor compared to frozen storage.

Pediatric rheumatic diseases are a group of complex chronic inflammatory disorders， mainly including juvenile idiopathic arthritis， diffuse connective tissue diseases， systemic vasculitis， and autoinflammatory diseases. Liver involvement is quite common in pediatric rheumatic diseases. In most cases， pediatric rheumatic diseases with liver involvement manifest as varying degrees of abnormal liver enzymes or hepatomegaly and may not have significant liver parenchyma lesions， and such diseases rarely progress to liver decompensation. Only a few children with rheumatic diseases may develop severe liver lesions. Liver involvement in children with rheumatic diseases may be caused by the primary disease itself or concurrent autoimmune liver diseases， but secondary factors are more common， including drug-induced liver damage caused by drugs used to treat rheumatic diseases， viral hepatitis， and fatty liver disease. This article summarizes liver involvement in pediatric rheumatic diseases， in order to provide a reference for the etiological analysis， diagnosis， and treatment strategies of liver involvement in pediatric rheumatic diseases.

Objective: The CT/MRI Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System (LI-RADS) demonstrates high specificity with relatively limited sensitivity for diagnosing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in high-risk patients. This study aimed to explore the possibility of improving sensitivity by combining CT/MRI LI-RADS v2018 with second-line contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) LI-RADS v2017 using sulfur hexafluoride (SHF) or perfluorobutane (PFB). Materials and Methods: This retrospective analysis of prospectively collected multicenter data included high-risk patients with treatment-naive hepatic observations. The reference standard was pathological confirmation or a composite reference standard (only for benign lesions). Each participant underwent concurrent CT/MRI, SHF-enhanced US, and PFB-enhanced US examinations. The diagnostic performances for HCC of CT/MRI LI-RADS alone and three combination strategies (combining CT/ MRI LI-RADS with either LI-RADS SHF, LI-RADS PFB, or a modified algorithm incorporating the Kupffer-phase findings for PFB [modified PFB]) were evaluated. For the three combination strategies, apart from the CT/MRI LR-5 criteria, HCC was diagnosed if CT/MRI LR-3 or LR-4 observations met the LR-5 criteria using LI-RADS SHF, LI-RADS PFB, or modified PFB. Results: In total, 281 participants (237 males; mean age, 55 ± 11 years) with 306 observations (227 HCCs, 40 non-HCC malignancies, and 39 benign lesions) were included. Using LI-RADS SHF, LI-RADS PFB, and modified PFB, 20, 23, and 31 CT/MRI LR-3/4 observations, respectively, were reclassified as LR-5, and all were pathologically confirmed as HCCs. Compared to CT/MRI LI-RADS alone (74%, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 68%–79%), the three combination strategies combining CT/MRI LI-RADS with either LI-RADS SHF, LI-RADS PFB, or modified PFB increased sensitivity (83% [95% CI: 77%–87%], 84% [95% CI: 79%–89%], 88% [95% CI: 83%–92%], respectively; all P < 0.001), while maintaining the specificity at 92% (95% CI: 84%–97%). Conclusion The combination of CT/MRI LI-RADS with second-line CEUS using SHF or PFB improved the sensitivity of HCC diagnosis without compromising specificity.