Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of primary liver cancer. Tumor heterogeneity is a major obstacle to effective treatment and is poorly understood using traditional bulk sequencing methods. This review highlights the transformative role of single-cell and multi-omics technologies in determining the cellular and molecular complexities of HCC. We summarize recent advances in single-cell transcriptomics, epigenomics, multi-omics, and spatial transcriptomics platforms, emphasizing their applications in characterizing tumor subclones, cancer-associated fibroblast-immune interactions, circulating tumor cells, and immune-resistant phenotypes. Spatial approaches have revealed the architecture of cancer stem cell niches and tertiary lymphoid structures, providing unprecedented insights into tumor organization and microenvironmental crosstalk. Although still in their early stages, clinical trials have begun to incorporate these technologies, underscoring their translational potential. Single-cell and spatial omics have reshaped HCC research by enabling high-resolution profiling of tumor ecosystems and driving the discovery of biomarkers, therapeutic targets, and strategies for patient stratification. However, high cost, technical expertise, and limited accessibility, particularly in resource-constrained settings, are major barriers to its widespread adoption. Addressing these challenges is critical for translating these powerful approaches into clinical practice and for advancing precision medicine for the treatment of liver cancer.

Capillary electrophoresis(CE)is widely used for the impurity profiling of drugs that contain stereo-chemical centers in their structures,analysis of biomolecules,and characterization of bio-pharmaceuticals.Currently,CE is the method of choice for the analysis of foodstuffs and the determination of adulterants.This article discusses the general theory and instrumentation of CE as well as the classification of various CE techniques.It also presents an overview of research on the applications of different CE techniques in the impurity profiling of drugs in the past decade.The review briefly presents a comparison between CE and liquid chromatography methods and highlights the strengths of CE using drug compounds as examples.This review will help scientists,fellow researchers,and students to understand the applications of CE techniques in the impurity profiling of drugs.

Several indexes are used to classify physician burnout, with the Maslach Burnout Inventory currently being the most widely accepted. This index measures physician burnout based on emotional exhaustion, detachment from work, and lack of personal achievement. The overall percentage of physicians with burnout is estimated to be around 40%, but the proportion varies between specialties. Neurology currently has the second-highest rate of burnout and is projected to eventually take the top position. The purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview focusing on the causes and ramifications of burnout and possible strategies for addressing the crisis. Several factors contribute to burnout among neurologist, including psychological trauma associated with patient care and a lack of respect compared to other specialties. Various interventions have been proposed for reducing burnout, and this article explores the feasibility of some of them. Burnout not only impacts the physician but also has adverse effects on the overall quality of patient care and places a strain on the health-care system. Burnout has only recently been recognized and accepted as a health crisis globally, and hence most of the proposed action plans have not been validated. More studies are needed to evaluate the long-term effects of such interventions.