To investigate associations between central visual function and inner retinal structure in primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). This study enrolled 78 POAG patients and 58 healthy controls. POAG was classified into early glaucoma and moderate to advanced glaucoma. The following tests were performed on all participants: isolated-check visual evoked potential (icVEP) testing, 24-2 standard automated perimetry (SAP), and Cirrus optical coherence tomography (OCT) examinations. Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) measures obtained from icVEP responses to isolated checks presented at four depths of modulation (DOMs; 8%, 14%, 22%, and 32%) were explored. Mean macular sensitivity (mMS) was assessed by calculating the mean sensitivities of central 12 SAP points. Ganglion cell layer+ inner plexiform layer thickness (GCL+IPLT) and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (pRNFLT) were measured by OCT scanning. For each group of subjects, linear relationships among the following measures were analyzed: SNR, mMS, GCL+IPLT, and pRNFLT. SNR, mMS, GCL+IPLT, and pRNFLT were all more significantly decreased in glaucoma than in controls (P<0.001). A significant positive association was found between SNR at 14% DOM and GCL+IPLT at the inferior sector in early glaucoma (r=0.465, P=0.004). In moderate to advanced glaucoma, significant correlations were found between SNR at 32% DOM and mean GCL+IPLT (r=0.364, P=0.023), superior GCL+IPLT (r=0.358, P=0.025), and mean pRNFLT (r=0.396, P=0.025). In addition, in moderate to advanced glaucoma, there were significant correlations between mMS and all relevant measures of retinal thickness (r=0.330-0.663, P< 0.010). In early glaucoma, significant correlations were found between mean mMS and minimum GCL+IPLT (r=0.373, P=0.023), and between inferior mMS and superior GCL+IPLT (r=0.470, P=0.003). Linear models provided a good explanation for the relationship between SNR and inner retinal thickness (IRT), whereas nonlinear models better explained the relationship between mMS and IRT. In early glaucoma, both SNR and mMS were related moderately and significantly to IRT, whereas in moderate to advanced glaucoma, mMS was more strongly correlated with IRT than SNR.
Adult ; Aged ; Evoked Potentials, Visual/physiology* ; Female ; Glaucoma, Open-Angle/physiopathology* ; Humans ; Macula Lutea/physiopathology* ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Retina/physiopathology* ; Signal-To-Noise Ratio ; Tomography, Optical Coherence

BACKGROUNDMorphological changes of the vasculature system in patients with myopia have been observed by Doppler ultrasound and fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA); however, these studies have limitations. Doppler ultrasound provides low-resolution images which are mainly obtained from visualized large vessels, and FFA is an invasive examination. Optic coherence tomography (OCT) angiography is a noninvasive, high-resolution measurement for vascular density. The purpose of this study was to investigate the change of vascular density in myopic eyes using OCT angiography.

METHODSThis cross-sectional study includes a total of 91 eyes from 47 participants including control, moderate, and high myopia that were evaluated by OCT angiography. Patients with myopia were recruited from the Refractive Department, Shenzhen Aier Eye Hospital, from August 5, 2015 to April 1, 2016. Emmetropic eyes were from healthy volunteers. The vascular density at macula and optic disc regions, ganglion cell complex (GCC) thickness, and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness were measured. Their relationships with axial length (AL) and refractive error were analyzed. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), Pearson's correlation, and generalized estimating equation were used for statistical analysis.

RESULTSBoth superficial and deep macular vascular density were highest in control (25.64% ± 3.76% and 37.12% ± 3.66%, respectively), then in moderate myopia (21.15% ± 5.33% and 35.35% ± 5.50%, respectively), and lowest in high myopia group (19.64% ± 3.87% and 32.81% ± 6.29%, respectively) (F = 13.74 and 4.57, respectively; both P < 0.001). Both superficial (β = -0.850 and 0.460, respectively) and deep (β = -0.766 and 0.396, respectively) macular vascular density were associated with AL and spherical equivalent (all P < 0.001). Superficial macular vascular density was associated with GCC thickness (β = 0.244, P = 0.040), independent of spherical equivalent. The vascular density in optic disc region had no difference among the three groups, and it was not associated with AL, spherical equivalent, or RNFL thickness.

CONCLUSIONOur results suggested that with the increase of myopia, the vascular density decreased in macular region, but not in optic disc region.

Adult ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Eye ; blood supply ; Female ; Fluorescein Angiography ; Humans ; Macula Lutea ; pathology ; physiopathology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Myopia ; pathology ; physiopathology ; Optic Disk ; pathology ; physiopathology ; Prospective Studies ; Retina ; pathology ; physiopathology ; Retinal Ganglion Cells ; pathology ; Tomography, Optical Coherence ; Young Adult

PURPOSE: To investigate the use of ganglion cell inner plexiform layer (GC-IPL) thickness, as measured by spectral domain optical coherence tomography, to detect central visual field (VF) progression. METHODS: This study included 384 eyes from 384 patients (219 preperimetric and 165 perimetric glaucomatous eyes; average follow-up, 4.3 years). Photographic assessment of retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and serial VF analysis were performed to detect glaucoma progression in the central (within 10°) area. Study inclusion required at least five serial spectral domain optical coherence tomography exams at different visits. The long-term test-retest variability of average GC-IPL thicknesses was calculated in 110 stable preperimetric glaucomatous eyes. The sensitivity and specificity of GC-IPL measurements for the detection of central VF progression were calculated in an event-based analysis using the calculated variability as a cut-off and were compared with those of central RNFL photographic assessment. RESULTS: The intersession test-retest variability, defined as the 95% confidence interval, was 1.76 µm for average GC-IPL thickness. The sensitivity and specificity of the average GC-IPL thickness for detecting central VF progression were 60.7% and 78.9%, respectively. Among six sectors, the inferonasal GC-IPL sector showed the highest sensitivity (53.6%). The sensitivity of the ≥1 sector GC-IPL to detect central VF progression was significantly higher than that of central RNFL photographic progression (p = 0.013). Other GC-IPL parameters showed comparable sensitivity and specificity to detect central VF progression compared with RNFL photographic progression. CONCLUSIONS: Serial GC-IPL measurements show comparable performance in the detection of central glaucomatous VF progression to RNFL photographic assessment.
Disease Progression ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Glaucoma/*diagnosis/physiopathology ; Humans ; *Intraocular Pressure ; Macula Lutea/*diagnostic imaging ; Male ; Middle Aged ; ROC Curve ; Retinal Ganglion Cells/*pathology ; Retrospective Studies ; Time Factors ; Tomography, Optical Coherence/*methods ; *Visual Fields

OBJECTIV: e To find the correlation between real best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and testing results of microperimetry and visual evoked potential (VEP) and to explore a new method in recording BCVA in macular disease. METHODS: Sixty-two patients with macular disease (macular disease group, 62 eyes) and eighteen healthy volunteers (control group, 36 eyes) had BCVA, microperimetry and VEP recorded. RESULTS: (1) By microperimetry, the values of retinal mean sensitivity and fixation percentage in macular disease group were lower than that in control group. The bicurve ellipse area in macular disease group was higher than that in control group. By VEP, P100 amplitude under 0.5 cpd and 2 cpd in macular disease group were significantly higher than that in control group and the latency was prolonged (P < 0.05). (2) In macular disease group, BCVA had significant positive correlation with retinal mean sensitivity, bicurve ellipse area, macular central 2 degrees and 4 degrees fixation percentage, respectively (P < 0.05). There was a significant correlation between retinal mean sensitivity and P100 amplitude (P < 0.05). (3) Multiple linear regression equation was y = 0.053 x1+0.008 x3+3.897 (y was BCVA, while x1 was retinal mean sensitivity and x3 was P100 amplitude under 2 cpd). CONCLUSION Combined use of microperimetry and VEP is useful in the assessment of BCVA in macular disease.
Case-Control Studies ; Evoked Potentials, Visual/physiology* ; Eye ; Humans ; Macula Lutea/physiopathology* ; Retina ; Retinal Diseases/pathology* ; Tomography, Optical Coherence ; Visual Acuity/physiology* ; Visual Field Tests/methods*

BACKGROUNDIntensive insulin therapy has been found to lessen the progress of diabetic retinopathy (DR) to some extent, while it has also been implicated to be responsible for decrease of DR. We investigated visual function and morphological changes in the macular area in short-term follow-up of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus after intensive insulin therapy.

METHODSThis was a prospective clinical study of nonproliferative DR patients (102 eyes, 120 patients) undergoing intensive insulin therapy. The Contrast Glare Tester (Takagi CGT-1000) was used to examine contrast sensitivity (CS) and Heidelberg Retina Tomograph (HRT) II and Stratus Model 3000 OCT were used to observe the changes of morphology in the macular area. Follow-up times were pre-intensive therapy, 3 and 6 months post-intensive therapy.

RESULTSCS at low and middle frequencies was higher at 3 and 6 months post-therapy compared with pre-therapy (P < 0.05). Significant differences in CS at low frequency were found between 6 and 3 months post-therapy (P < 0.05). Macular edema index was lower in the first, second, and third rings of the macular area after intensive therapy compared with pre-therapy (P < 0.05). Compared with 3 months post-therapy, the macular edema index was lower in the first, second, and third rings of the macular area at 6 months post-therapy (P > 0.05). No significant differences in the thickness of the first, second, and third rings of the macular area were detected between 3 and 6 months post-therapy and pre-therapy (P > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONCS and macular edema indexes were significantly improved in nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy patients after intensive insulin therapy, but thickness of the macular area was unchanged.

Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; drug therapy ; pathology ; physiopathology ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Insulin ; therapeutic use ; Macula Lutea ; pathology ; Middle Aged ; Prospective Studies ; Tomography, Optical Coherence ; Vision, Ocular ; physiology

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of pattern scan laser (PASCAL) photocoagulation on peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness, central macular thickness (CMT), and optic nerve morphology in patients with diabetic retinopathy. METHODS: Subjects included 35 eyes for the PASCAL group and 49 eyes for a control group. Peripapillary RNFL thickness, cup-disc area ratio and CMT were measured before PASCAL photocoagulation and at 2 and 6 months after PASCAL photocoagulation in the PASCAL or control groups. RESULTS: The average RNFL thickness had increased by 0.84 microm two months after and decreased by 0.4 microm six months after PASCAL photocoagulation compared to baseline, but these changes were not significant (p = 0.83, 0.39). The cup-disc area ratio was unchanged after PASCAL photocoagulation. CMT increased by 18.11 microm (p = 0.048) at two months compared to baseline thickness, and partially recovered to 11.82 microm (p = 0.11) at six months in the PASCAL group. CONCLUSIONS: PASCAL photocoagulation may not cause significant change in the peripapillary RNFL thickness, CMT, and optic nerve morphology in patients with diabetic retinopathy.
Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Diabetic Retinopathy/physiopathology/*surgery ; Female ; Fluorescein Angiography ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Laser Coagulation/*methods ; Lasers, Solid-State/*therapeutic use ; Macula Lutea/*pathology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Nerve Fibers/*pathology ; Optic Nerve/*pathology ; Prospective Studies ; Retinal Ganglion Cells/*pathology ; Tomography, Optical Coherence ; Visual Acuity/physiology

PURPOSE: To report on the anatomical and functional changes to the macula in nine patients suffering from commotio retinae not accompanied by any other types of traumatic retinopathy. METHODS: Nine injured eyes with commotio retinae were evaluated soon after ocular trauma with ophthalmic examination, including Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). In 12 eyes of 6 patients, Humphrey visual field (HVF) and multifocal electroretinogram (mfERG) were performed. Re-examinations were periodically performed for a mean of 26 days. Data from 9 injured eyes were collected and compared to data collected from the 9 non-affected eyes of the same patients. RESULTS: SD-OCT revealed no significant differences in the foveal thickness and total macular volume between traumatized and intact eyes in all 9 patients. Only 3 out of the 9 injured eyes showed abnormal findings in SD-OCT images such as discontinuity of the inner/outer segment (IS/OS) junction or abnormal hyper-reflectivity from the IS/OS and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) lines in the macula. HVF and mfERG results did not show any functional deterioration in the injured eyes compared with intact eyes. During follow-up, the commotio retinae resolved in all 9 eyes. The changes to the outer retinal region detected in 3 patients by SD-OCT were also resolved. CONCLUSIONS: Acute retinal changes in commotio retinae, not associated with other retinal pathologies, were resolved without histological and functional sequelae. In a few cases of commotio retinae, SD-OCT revealed transient abnormalities mainly observed at the IS/OS and RPE complexes.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Child ; Electroretinography ; Eye Injuries/classification/*complications/pathology ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Macula Lutea/*injuries/pathology/physiopathology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Prognosis ; Retinal Diseases/*etiology/pathology/physiopathology ; Retinal Pigment Epithelium/injuries/pathology/physiopathology ; Retrospective Studies ; Tomography, Optical Coherence ; Trauma Severity Indices ; Visual Acuity ; Visual Fields ; Young Adult

We investigated the case of a young man with blurred vision in his left eye. His visual acuity was slightly decreased, and ophthalmoscopy disclosed a gray-white lesion in the macula. He had no systemic or ocular history. On the visual field test, the threshold sensitivity was decreased in the corresponding region. Spectral domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) demonstrated a disruption in the photoreceptor inner and outer segment (IS/OS) junction and undulation of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) with backscattering. We re-examined the patient after two weeks and after three months without any treatment. Visual acuity and visual field results were gradually normalized, and OCT demonstrated the recovery of continuity in the photoreceptor IS/OS junction, as well as decreased RPE irregularity with minimal backscattering. We used spectral domain OCT instead of time domain OCT (OCT3) so that we could provide better image resolution of the acute retinal pigment epitheliitis (ARPE). Finally, we observed recovery of the functional and anatomical changes in the ARPE patient with a resolution of the condition within three months following the initial examination, using OCT and visual field tests.
Adolescent ; Humans ; Macula Lutea/pathology ; Male ; Ophthalmoscopy ; Recovery of Function ; Retinal Pigment Epithelium/*pathology/physiopathology ; Retinitis/*pathology/physiopathology ; Time Factors ; *Tomography, Optical Coherence/methods ; Visual Acuity ; Visual Fields

A 56-year-old Korean woman presented with decreased visual acuity of the right eye. She had a history of two photodynamic therapy treatments for choroidal neovascularization (CNV) due to angioid streaks in her left eye with central scarring and low visual acuity. She was diagnosed with subfoveal CNV due to angioid streaks in her right eye and treated with six intravitreal bevacizumab (1.25 mg / 0.05 mL) injections over one year. Best corrected visual acuity improved from 20 / 125 at baseline to 20 / 50 at the final visit. The area of CNV had changed into a fibrotic scar by the final visit, and fluorescein angiography and indocyanine green angiography revealed no evidence of leakage. Optical coherence tomography showed that central macular thickness decreased from 311 microm at baseline to 203 microm with complete resolution of subretinal and intraretinal fluid at the final visit. Intravitreal bevacizumab for CNV associated with angioid streaks prevented the progression of disease and resulted in the improvement of visual acuity after one year of follow-up in our patient.
Angiogenesis Inhibitors/*administration & dosage ; Angioid Streaks/*complications ; Antibodies, Monoclonal/*administration & dosage ; Choroidal Neovascularization/*drug therapy/*etiology/physiopathology ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Intravitreal Injections ; Macula Lutea/drug effects/pathology ; Middle Aged ; Tomography, Optical Coherence ; Visual Acuity/drug effects

Here, we report the case of a patient who sustained Nd: YAG laser macular injury with subsequent 6 year follow-up evaluation. A 23-year-old female was accidentally exposed to a Q-switched Nd: YAG laser without protective goggles. Upon initial evaluation, the best-corrected visual acuity of her affected eye was 20/100 OD. Fundoscopic examination revealed a macular laser burn and vitreous hemorrhage. Corticosteroids, in the form of 60 mg prednisolone, were administered orally with a 10 mg per week taper. Nineteen days following exposure, fundoscopic examination revealed a distinct epiretinal membrane which resolved within six months. The best-corrected visual acuity of the affected eye remained 20/100 OD. This clinical course is similar to those of previously reported cases including vitreous hemorrhage and subsequent epiretinal membrane formation. However, visual acuity did not recover despite spontaneous regression of the epiretinal membrane and at 6 year follow-up, there was neither choroidal neovascularization nor macular hole formation.
Accidents ; Female ; Fluorescein Angiography ; Follow-Up Studies ; Fundus Oculi ; Glucocorticoids/therapeutic use ; Humans ; Lasers, Solid-State/*adverse effects ; Macula Lutea/*injuries ; Prednisolone/therapeutic use ; *Radiation Injuries/complications/diagnosis/drug therapy/physiopathology ; Treatment Outcome ; Visual Acuity/radiation effects ; Vitreous Hemorrhage/etiology/pathology ; Young Adult