OBJECTIVE To form an expert consensus addressing clinical issues regarding the use of parenteral direct thrombin inhibitors （DTIs） in special populations. METHODS Led by the Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital（the Affiliated Hospital of UESTC）， a multidisciplinary working group was formed comprising experts from multiple fields， including clinical pharmacy， cardiac surgery， obstetrics， pediatrics and evidence-based medicine. Through literature review and the Delphi method， clinical questions regarding the efficacy and safety of parenteral DTIs used in special populations were identified. A structured design was adopted using the “Population-Intervention-Comparison-Outcome” （PICO） framework；systematic searches were conducted in CJFD， PubMed， Embase and other databases. Relevant evidence from randomized controlled trials，cohort studies and systematic reviews were included and synthesized. Evidence quality was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment，Development and Evaluation （GRADE） approach， and recommendations were formulated through three rounds of Delphi surveys and expert consensus meetings. RESULTS &CONCLUSIONS Seven clinical questions were ultimately selected （with a consensus rate exceeding 90%）， resulting in the formulation of seven recommendations on the use of parenteral DTIs in special populations， including children， pregnant women， patients with hepatic or renal impairment， patients with mesenteric venous thrombosis， and individuals with thrombophilia. These recommendations clarify the preferred agents， dosing ranges， monitoring parameters， and safety management strategies for parenteral DTIs in these special populations. This expert consensus， which is formulated based on the best available evidence， provides evidence-based guidance for standardized and individualized use of parenteral DTIs in special populations.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignancies worldwide. Surgical resection remains the preferred treatment modality, offering the potential for cure. However, over half of HCC patients present as intermediate to advanced stages at diagnosis, with multiple factors precluding surgical resection. Conversion therapy represents an important treatment strategy by enabling tumor downstaging, offering future resectability for patients with intermediate-to-advanced HCC who are initially unresectable. This article reviews the relevant concepts and research progress in conversion therapy for HCC.

Hungary, as the first European country to legislate TCM, its legislation experience has significant implications for the international development of TCM. This article reviewed the historical process of TCM legislation in Hungary, summarized its legislative achievements, and analyzed the problems encountered during the implementation process. It was found that the current challenges faced by TCM legislation in Hungary mainly include constraints from the dominance of modern medicine, restrictions from strict qualification requirements, insufficient public awareness, difficulties in TCM registration, and challenges in policy coordination and cooperation. Based on these findings, the article proposed countermeasures such as improving the legal framework, strengthening educational cooperation, enhancing public awareness, promoting the mutual recognition of standards between China and Europe, and deepening China-Hungary collaboration. These measures aim to further improve the legislation and implementation of TCM in Hungary, thereby promoting the healthy development of TCM in Hungary and the global service trade of TCM.

The focus of green analytical chemistry(GAC)is to minimize the negative impacts of analytical pro-cedures on human safety,human health,and the environment.Several factors,such as the reagents used,sample collection,sample processing,instruments,energy consumed,and the quantities of hazardous materials and waste generated during analytical procedures,need to be considered in the evaluation of the greenness of analytical assays.In this study,we propose a greenness evaluation metric for analytical methods(GEMAM).The new greenness metric is simple,flexible,and comprehensive.The evaluation criteria are based on both the 12 principles of GAC(SIGNIFICANCE)and the 10 factors of sample prep-aration,and the results are presented on a 0-10 scale.The GEMAM calculation process is easy to perform,and its results are easy to interpret.The output of GEMAM is a pictogram that can provide both qualitative and quantitative information based on color and number.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the major form of dementia in the elderly and is closely related to the toxic effects of microglia sustained activation. In AD, sustained microglial activation triggers impaired synaptic pruning, neuroinflammation, neurotoxicity, and cognitive deficits. Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that aberrant expression of deubiquitinating enzymes is associated with regulating microglia function. Here, we use RNA sequencing to identify a deubiquitinase YOD1 as a regulator of microglial function and AD pathology. Further study showed that YOD1 knockout significantly improved the migration, phagocytosis, and inflammatory response of microglia, thereby improving the cognitive impairment of AD model mice. Through LC-MS/MS analysis combined with Co-IP, we found that Myosin heavy chain 9 (MYH9), a key regulator maintaining microglia homeostasis, is an interacting protein of YOD1. Mechanistically, YOD1 binds to MYH9 and maintains its stability by removing the K48 ubiquitin chain from MYH9, thereby mediating the microglia polarization signaling pathway to mediate microglia homeostasis. Taken together, our study reveals a specific role of microglial YOD1 in mediating microglia homeostasis and AD pathology, which provides a potential strategy for targeting microglia to treat AD.

The focus of green analytical chemistry (GAC) is to minimize the negative impacts of analytical procedures on human safety, human health, and the environment. Several factors, such as the reagents used, sample collection, sample processing, instruments, energy consumed, and the quantities of hazardous materials and waste generated during analytical procedures, need to be considered in the evaluation of the greenness of analytical assays. In this study, we propose a greenness evaluation metric for analytical methods (GEMAM). The new greenness metric is simple, flexible, and comprehensive. The evaluation criteria are based on both the 12 principles of GAC (SIGNIFICANCE) and the 10 factors of sample preparation, and the results are presented on a 0-10 scale. The GEMAM calculation process is easy to perform, and its results are easy to interpret. The output of GEMAM is a pictogram that can provide both qualitative and quantitative information based on color and number.

To construct a recombinant fowl adenovirus 4(FAdV-4)expressing the Cap protein of goose astrovirus genotype 2(GoAstV-2),the expression cassette of Cap gene was inserted into the natural 1 966 bp deletion region of the FAdV-4 genome in the infectious clone p15A-cm-FAdV4-HNJZ.The resulted recombinant plasmid p15A-cm-FAdV4-HNJZ-Cap/GoAstV-2 was linearized with restriction enzyme and transfected into chicken hepatoma cell line(LMH)to rescue the recombinant FAdV-4 expressing the Cap protein of GoAstV-2,rF Ad V4-Cap/GoAstV-2.After 15 passages in LMH cells,the recombinant rFAdV4-Cap/GoAstV-2 was identified by PCR using primers flanking the insertion site of the Cap gene expression cassette and using viral genome DNA extracted from rFAdV4-Cap/GoAstV-2 infected LMH cells as template.LMH cells were in-fected with 15th passage rFAdV4-Cap/GoAstV-2 and indirect immunofluorescence was performed with a polyclonal antibody against Cap protein as the primary antibody.Western blot was carried out with lysates of rFAdV4-Cap/GoAstV-2 infected LMH cells.The in vitro replication dynamic of the 15th passage of the rFAdV4-Cap/GoAstV-2 was also investigated in LMH cells.The results demonstrated that the Cap gene of GoAstV-2 was presented in the genome of the recombinant vi-rus rF AdV4-Cap/Go Ast V-2,and could be expressed stably.The prepared recombinant virus in this study will lay a foundation for developing inactivated bivalent vaccine candidate against co-in-fection of FAdV-4 and GoAstV-2 in goose.

Objective To investigate the cognition of both doctors and patients in the neurology department of a tertiary hospital in Linyi City regarding graded diagnosis and treatment,and to explore its influencing factors.Methods Convenient sampling was used to select 456 survey subjects from 20 medical institutions within the medical consortium of a tertiary hospital in Linyi City,including 191 medical staffs and 265 patients;A total of 35 medical staffs and patients were interviewed.Results The overall awareness of graded diagnosis and treatment among medical staff and patients was(3.731±0.563)points and(3.136±0.367)points,respectively.The influencing factors of medical staff on grading diagnosis and treatment are professional title,years of work experience,and hospital grade.The influencing factors of patient on grading diagnosis and treatment are age,type of medical insurance,average monthly income,and whether they had a transfer experience.Conclusion While strengthe-ning information technology construction,government supervision and investment,and enhancing the capacity building of grassro-ots medical institutions,it is also necessary to actively promote the construction of close medical consortia to accelerate the forma-tion of a standardized and orderly new system for medical treatment and diagnosis.

BACKGROUND:As an essential trace non-metallic element in the human body,selenium has been widely used in the biomedical field due to its potential anti-inflammatory,antioxidant,antibacterial,immunomodulatory,anti-tumor and other biological activities.OBJECTIVE:To summarize the anti-inflammatory,antioxidant,antibacterial,immunomodulatory,and anti-tumor effects and mechanisms of selenium and selenium nanoparticles,and research progress in the field of stomatology.METHODS:Literature searches were conducted on PubMed,CNKI,and WanFang databases using Chinese and English search terms"selenium,selenium nanoparticles,oral neoplasms,caries,dental pupal disease,periapical disease,dental implant."The searched relevant articles were published from January 2000 to February 2024.After thoroughly analyzing and reading,74 articles were ultimately included for review.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)The biological characteristics of selenium are mainly achieved through the synthesis of selenoproteins,with antioxidant mechanisms as the core,regulating various cytokines and mediating related signaling pathways,thereby producing antibacterial,immune regulatory,and antitumor effects.(2)In addition to being used for early diagnosis,treatment,and postoperative judgment in oral cancer,caries,pulp and periapical diseases,selenium can also be used as a new type of material in the oral field.For example,it can be used to develop new dental sealants or root canal system disinfectants.Besides,it has a promoting effect on optimizing the performance of oral implant materials.(3)One of the most significant factors that affect the application of selenium in the field of biomedicine is biological safety.Only by selecting the appropriate dosage and form can it maximize its effects.Selenium has also shown great potential for application as well as broad development space in oral materials science.

Objective:To investigate affinity of monoclonal antibody(MAb)of different cardiac troponinⅠ(cTnⅠ)epi-topes to cTnⅠ-troponin C(cTnⅠ-TnC)antigen,and to screen novel cTnⅠ-specific antibodies for clinical detection kit development.Methods:Based on technology platform of microarray chemiluminescence immunoassay,cTnⅠ-TnC antigen spot sample hard matrix chip was used,mouse derived cTnⅠ MAb was used as antibody to be detected,HRP-sheep-anti-mouse-IgG was used as antibody to detect,and experimental conditions were optimized for anti-origin solution,antigen spot sample concentration and antibody to be detected concentration.Affinity of cTnⅠ MAb with different antigenic epitopes to cTnⅠ-TnC was detected by competition method.Graded concentrations of cTnⅠ-TnC were added to experimental group,and diluents of equal volume were added to control group.Reaction signals of different cTnⅠ MAb were detected and affinity constants were calculated.Results:Antigen spot sample liquid was P105,antigen spot sample concentration was 0.1 mg/ml,and antibody concentration to be detected was 80 ng/ml were optimal experi-mental conditions.20c6cc and 7B9cc MAb containing TnC antibodies had the best affinity,and 20c6cc MAb reached 3.18×106 L/mol.cTnⅠ MAb located at C-end of peptide chain in a.a.r 130～145,169～178 and 190～196 regions showed good affinity,among which MAb 625(a.a.r 169～178)was 6.37×105 L/mol,showing the strongest affinity among cTnⅠ MAb.Conclusion:MAb has good affinity with cTnⅠ-TnC antigen at C-end of cTnⅠ peptide chain a.a.r 130～145,169～178,190～196 and TnC region.Designing a new type of cTnⅠ complement antibody targeting this region can be a new way to solve negative interference of autoantibody and peptide proteolysis.