Macular hole is an age-related disorder defined by a full-thickness defect of the foveal retina and a profound loss of central vision. First described in the mid-19th century, its study has now extended across more than 150 years. Breakthroughs in science and technology—especially the relentless refinement of retinal imaging platforms—have progressively refined our understanding of the disease. Optical coherence tomography(OCT)in particular has revolutionized characterization of the condition. At the same time, the widespread adoption of macular hole surgery has not only driven deeper investigations into pathogenesis and pre-operative assessment but also facilitated the global dissemination of surgical expertise and a marked rise in anatomical success. This review synthesizes the multimodal imaging hallmarks of macular holes and highlights the remaining clinical challenges in the application of OCT technology.

Presepsin(sCD14-ST), is an soluble leukocyte differentiation antigen 14 subtype. It is a glycoprotein fragment and a marker of acute phase reaction. For diagnosis of adult sepsis, bacteremia and bacterial DNAaemia, the area under of ROC is 0.88,0.78 and 0.79, respectively. The levels of Presepsin increase earlier than procalcitonin, and have better clinical value for early diagnosis of sepsis. It is significantly correlated with disease severity and can be used to predict prognosis. One study mentioned that in the absence of organ dysfunction, the value was 235.0 (172.0-340.3) pg/ml, and for one, two, three or more organ dysfunction, were 403.5 (275.8-587.3) pg / ml, 844.5 (559.8-1259.5) pg / ml, 1412.5 (893.0-2675.8) pg/ml (P<0.01), respectively. Another study mentioned that Presepsin is an independent risk factor for 30-day death of sepsis, and it is effective to evaluate poor prognosis with a threshold of >927.5 pg/ml. Presepsin also has clinical value for neonatal and child sepsis. The Greece meta-analysis showed that the AUC for neonatal sepsis diagnosis was 0.9751, which was higher and more sensitive than that of CRP and procalcitonin. Turkish study on children showed a significant increase in sCD14-ST in sepsis patients compared with healthy controls. Its AUC was 0.98, the best threshold was 990 pg/ml. The reference range of this value was been studied, showing that 75％ and 95％ percentiles of full-term infants are 791 and 1178 pg/ml. Adults do not exceed 200 pg/ml of all age groups. It is affected by renal function. Prospective trials are expected to further clarify its diagnostic value, more therapeutic research to elaborate its therapeutic value, and corresponding clinical practice guideline.