Hygroscopicity research has long been a key focus and hot topic in Chinese materia medica（CMM）. Elucidating hygroscopic mechanisms plays a vital role in formulation design， process optimization， and storage condition selection. Hygroscopic models serve as essential tools for characterizing CMM hygroscopic mechanisms， with various types available. The double exponential model is a kinetic mathematical model constructed based on the law of conservation of energy and Fick's first law of diffusion， tailored to the physical properties of CMM extracts. In recent years， this model has been extensively applied to simulate the dynamic moisture absorption behavior of CMM extracts and solid dosage forms under varying humidity conditions. It has revealed the correlation between moisture absorption kinetic parameters and material properties， offering a new perspective for characterizing the moisture uptake behavior of CMM. This paper systematically reviews the application progress of this model in the field of CMM， analyzes its advantages， disadvantages， and challenges in this domain， and explores its potential application trends in other fields. It aims to provide references for elucidating the moisture absorption mechanisms of CMM and researching moisture-proofing technologies， while also offering insights for its broader application in food and polymer materials.

Fungal keratitis represents a significant cause of blindness, with current therapeutic approaches yielding limited success. The disease's onset and progression are primarily driven by fungal virulence factors and the host's immune response. The innate immune system is the first to respond, with neutrophils playing a pivotal role in the antifungal defense. Although neutrophils are critical for pathogen clearance, their excessive or abnormal activation can lead to tissue damage, exacerbating the disease. Thus, elucidating the mechanisms underlying neutrophil activity in fungal keratitis is crucial for refining treatment strategies. This article aims to systematically review the principal antimicrobial mechanisms employed by neutrophils, including phagocytosis, degranulation, and the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps(NETs). Furthermore, it explores the crosstalk between neutrophils and macrophages, alongside their collective impact and underlying mechanisms in the context of fungal keratitis. Exploration of the mechanisms of fungal keratitis facilitates precise intervention and enhances the efficacy of treatment.

Objective To investigate the value of combination of echocardiographic(ECG)parameters and geriatric nutritional risk index(GNRI)in predicting the prognosis of elderly chronic heart failure(CHF).Methods A retrospective study was conducted on 102 elderly CHF patients admitted to our hospital from February 2023 to July 2024.According to their clinical outcomes after 6 months of follow-up,they were divided into a good prognosis group(67 cases)and a poor prognosis group(35 cases).The clinical data,such as left ventricular ejection fraction(LVEF),left ventricular end-diastolic inner diameter(LVEDD)and left ventricular end-systolic inner diameter(LVESD),and GNRI were compared between two groups.Logistic regression analysis was adopted to identify the influencing factors of prognosis of elderly CHF patients,and ROC curve was plotted to analyze the predictive efficiency of ECG parameters and GNRI for the prognosis.Results The poor prognosis group exhibited significantly advanced age,higher LVEDD and LVESD,longer course of CHF,and lower LVEF and GNRI in comparison with the good prognosis group(P＜0.01).Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that LVEF,LVEDD,LVESD and GNRI were identified as influencing factors for elderly CHF prognosis(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).In evaluating the poor prognosis,LVEF,LVEDD,LVESD,GNRI and their combination presented an AUC value of 0.854,0.773,0.785,0.850 and 0.902,respectively.The evaluation efficiency of combined detection was superior to that of single detection in assessing the poor prognosis in elderly CHF patients(P＜0.01).Conclusion ECG parameters and GNRI are related to the prognosis in elderly CHF patients,and combined detection has good evaluation efficiency for the poor prognosis.

Objective:To explore the association between healthy lifestyle and co-morbidity of overweight/obesity and myopia in adolescents.Methods:Based on the Shanghai Municipal Dynamic Cohort of Student Common Diseases, we used the group-based trajectory model (GBTM) to establish a model for the development of adolescents' healthy lifestyle trajectories aged 11-14 years and the Cox proportional hazard regression model to assess the effects of different healthy lifestyles on the co-morbidity of overweight/obesity and myopia in adolescents.Results:A total of 2 331 adolescents were included in the analysis. The average follow-up time was 1.87 years, with age of (11.44±0.45) years at the initial follow-up, among 1 106 boys and 1 225 girls. During the 2-year follow-up period, the incidence rates of overweight/obesity, myopia, and co-occurrence of overweight/obesity and myopia were 25.9%, 77.0%, and 13.7%, respectively. GBTM identified 3 healthy lifestyles: the unhealthy group (7.3%), the relatively healthy group (50.2%), and the healthy group (42.5%). The risk of overweight/obesity was lower in the relatively healthy group than in the unhealthy group ( HR=0.694, 95% CI: 0.508-0.947). There was no statistically significant association between the GBTM lifestyle subgroups and myopia ( P>0.05). The risk of co-occurrence of overweight/obesity and myopia was lower in both relatively healthy group and healthy group than in the unhealthy group (relatively healthy group: HR=0.515, 95% CI: 0.348-0.763; healthy group: HR=0.571, 95% CI: 0.384-0.849). Sensitivity analyses showed this result to be stable for myopia, overweight/obesity and myopia co-morbidities. Conclusion:Persistent unhealthy lifestyle increases the risk of overweight/obesity and myopia co-occurrence in adolescents.

Objective:To explore the association between healthy lifestyle and co-morbidity of overweight/obesity and myopia in adolescents.Methods:Based on the Shanghai Municipal Dynamic Cohort of Student Common Diseases, we used the group-based trajectory model (GBTM) to establish a model for the development of adolescents' healthy lifestyle trajectories aged 11-14 years and the Cox proportional hazard regression model to assess the effects of different healthy lifestyles on the co-morbidity of overweight/obesity and myopia in adolescents.Results:A total of 2 331 adolescents were included in the analysis. The average follow-up time was 1.87 years, with age of (11.44±0.45) years at the initial follow-up, among 1 106 boys and 1 225 girls. During the 2-year follow-up period, the incidence rates of overweight/obesity, myopia, and co-occurrence of overweight/obesity and myopia were 25.9%, 77.0%, and 13.7%, respectively. GBTM identified 3 healthy lifestyles: the unhealthy group (7.3%), the relatively healthy group (50.2%), and the healthy group (42.5%). The risk of overweight/obesity was lower in the relatively healthy group than in the unhealthy group ( HR=0.694, 95% CI: 0.508-0.947). There was no statistically significant association between the GBTM lifestyle subgroups and myopia ( P>0.05). The risk of co-occurrence of overweight/obesity and myopia was lower in both relatively healthy group and healthy group than in the unhealthy group (relatively healthy group: HR=0.515, 95% CI: 0.348-0.763; healthy group: HR=0.571, 95% CI: 0.384-0.849). Sensitivity analyses showed this result to be stable for myopia, overweight/obesity and myopia co-morbidities. Conclusion:Persistent unhealthy lifestyle increases the risk of overweight/obesity and myopia co-occurrence in adolescents.

Objective To investigate the value of combination of echocardiographic(ECG)parameters and geriatric nutritional risk index(GNRI)in predicting the prognosis of elderly chronic heart failure(CHF).Methods A retrospective study was conducted on 102 elderly CHF patients admitted to our hospital from February 2023 to July 2024.According to their clinical outcomes after 6 months of follow-up,they were divided into a good prognosis group(67 cases)and a poor prognosis group(35 cases).The clinical data,such as left ventricular ejection fraction(LVEF),left ventricular end-diastolic inner diameter(LVEDD)and left ventricular end-systolic inner diameter(LVESD),and GNRI were compared between two groups.Logistic regression analysis was adopted to identify the influencing factors of prognosis of elderly CHF patients,and ROC curve was plotted to analyze the predictive efficiency of ECG parameters and GNRI for the prognosis.Results The poor prognosis group exhibited significantly advanced age,higher LVEDD and LVESD,longer course of CHF,and lower LVEF and GNRI in comparison with the good prognosis group(P＜0.01).Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that LVEF,LVEDD,LVESD and GNRI were identified as influencing factors for elderly CHF prognosis(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).In evaluating the poor prognosis,LVEF,LVEDD,LVESD,GNRI and their combination presented an AUC value of 0.854,0.773,0.785,0.850 and 0.902,respectively.The evaluation efficiency of combined detection was superior to that of single detection in assessing the poor prognosis in elderly CHF patients(P＜0.01).Conclusion ECG parameters and GNRI are related to the prognosis in elderly CHF patients,and combined detection has good evaluation efficiency for the poor prognosis.

Objective To explore the biological function and downstream mechanism of ETS1 in glioma.Methods Bioinformatics and immunohistochemistry were used to analyze the differential expression characteristics of ETS1 in gliomas;qRT-PCR was employed to detect the expression level of ETS1 mRNA and lncRNA X-inactive specific transcript(XIST).CCK-8 and 5-ethyl-2′-deoxyuridine experiments were conducted to detect cell growth.Western blot was used to detect the expression of apoptosis-related proteins(Bax,Bak,Bcl-2).PROMO database was utilized to predict the binding sites between ETS1 and XIST promoter.Dual-luciferase reporter gene assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation-quantitative polymerase chain reaction assays were performed to verify the binding relationship between ETS1 and the XIST promoter region.cBioPortal database was used to analyze the correlation between the expression of ETS1 mRNA and XIST in glioma tissues.Results The expression levels of ETS1 mRNA and protein were significantly upregulated in glioma(P<0.05).The depletion of ETS1 significantly inhibited the proliferation of glioma cells and promoted cell apoptosis(P<0.05).ETS1 could target and bind with the XIST promoter and promote the expression of XIST(P<0.05).The overexpression of XIST reversed the effects of ETS1 on the proliferation of glioma cells and the promotion of cell apoptosis(P<0.05).Conclusion ETS1 is highly expressed in glioma tissues.It could promote the expression of lncRNA XIST,boost the proliferation of glioma cells,and inhibit cell apoptosis.

Objective Meta-analysis was conducted to assess the risk of secondary infection caused by tocilizumab(TCZ)in the treatment of Corona Virus Disease 2019(COVID-19),in order to provide an evidence-based basis for the safety of tocilizumab in patients with COVID-19.Methods Cochrane Library,PubMed,Web of Science,CNKI,SinoMed and Wanfang databases were searched in computer to collect randomized controlled trial and cohort study of treating COVID-19 with tocilizumab from December 19,2019 to December 30,2022.A meta-analysis of the results of each study was performed using RevMan 5.4.1 software.Results A total of 1691 references were screened and eighteen studies involving 3933 patients were included.The incidence of secondary infection in the tocilizumab with the standard treatment group and standard treatment group was 19.14%(331/1729)and 12.11%(267/2204),respectively.Meta-analysis showed that the tocilizumab + standard treatment group had a higher incidence of secondary infection than the standard treatment group[RR = 1.35,95%CI(1.05,1.74),P = 0.02].The results of the subgroup analysis showed that the risk of secondary infection with different doses of tocilizumab was different.The incidence of secondary infection was significantly higher in the subgroup with doses of 400～800 mg/d tocilizumab than in the standard care group[RR = 1.48,95%CI(1.19,1.84),P = 0.0004].The incidence of secondary infection in subgroups with doses of≤400 mg/d tocilizumab was also significantly higher than that in the standard treatment group[RR = 1.87,95%CI(1.28,2.72),P = 0.001].However,there was no statistical significance between the subgroup 6～8 mg/kg tocilizumab and the standard treatment group.Conclusions Tocilizumab may increase the risk of secondary infection in patients with COVID-19 compared with standard treatment,and the benefits and risks of tocilizumab should be carefully evaluated before clinical administration.Moreover,large and high-quality studies are needed for further evaluation.

Objective: To understand the current status and associated factors of comorbidity of common illnesses among primary and middle school students in Shanghai, so as to provide a reference for improving the pathogenic environment and preventing the occurrence of comorbidity of common illnesses. Methods: From September to November 2021, a stratified cluster sampling method was used to select 30 331 middle school students from 112 schools in 16 districts of Shanghai, each with 2 primary schools, 2 junior high schools, 2 high schools and 1 vocational high school. Elementary school students, their health status and influencing factor questionnaires were analyzed. Results: The detection rate of two or more common diseases such as myopia, overweight and obesity, high blood pressure, and abnormal spinal curvature among primary and secondary school students in Shanghai was 38.91%, of which 29.64% of primary and secondary school students had two diseases at the same time, and 9.19% had three diseases, 0.09% had 4 diseases. The detection rate of comorbidity was higher in boys (44.12%) than in girls (33.40%), and higher in junior high school students (40.40%) than in high school students (38.58%) and primary school students (38.01%). The differences were statistically significant (χ2=366.44, 50.33, P<0.01). Multifactor Logistic regression analysis showed that girls sometimes supervise themselves and often remind themselves that their sitting and standing postures were negatively correlated with the common comorbidities of primary and secondary school students (OR=0.64, 0.93, 0.90); junior middle school students and watching TV/d ≥1 h, using computers for ≥1 h/d, and using mobile electronic devices for >1 h/d were positively correlated with the comorbidity of common diseases among primary and secondary school students (OR=1.07, 1.10, 1.06, 1.10) (P<0.05). Conclusions The prevalence of comorbidity of common illnesses among primary and middle school students in Shanghai is not optimistic, which might be associated with combined effects of various external environmental factors. Targeted intervention should be implemented to effectively prevent the occurrence of comorbidities among students.

Fungal keratitis is a serious blinding eye disease. The development of fungal infections depends primarily on the interaction of fungal virulence with host immune defense factors. The cornea is considered an immune-privileged organ, and resident macrophages are the main immune cells that respond to the heterogeneity exhibited by the microenvironment with their polarization. In the early stage of infection, macrophages polarize towards M1, which promotes inflammation and facilitates fungal clearance but produces a cellular storm that exacerbates immune damage; in the late stage of infection, macrophages polarize towards M2, which suppresses the inflammatory response and facilitates tissue repair, but may be immunosuppressed or even immune escape to the detriment of pathogen clearance. The balance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses is key to maintaining the functional integrity of the cornea. Current antifungal drug therapy is limited, so it is particularly important to find a therapeutic target for the inflammatory response triggered by the immune response in addition to antifungal therapy. In this review, the functional and phenotypic characterization of macrophage subsets associated with fungal keratitis was reviewed, more in-depth research is needed to explore the specific mechanisms by which macrophage polarization and their impact on fungal keratitis. Targeted regulation of macrophage differentiation based on their phenotype and function could be an effective approach to treat and manage fungal keratitis in the future.