Hygroscopicity research has long been a key focus and hot topic in Chinese materia medica（CMM）. Elucidating hygroscopic mechanisms plays a vital role in formulation design， process optimization， and storage condition selection. Hygroscopic models serve as essential tools for characterizing CMM hygroscopic mechanisms， with various types available. The double exponential model is a kinetic mathematical model constructed based on the law of conservation of energy and Fick's first law of diffusion， tailored to the physical properties of CMM extracts. In recent years， this model has been extensively applied to simulate the dynamic moisture absorption behavior of CMM extracts and solid dosage forms under varying humidity conditions. It has revealed the correlation between moisture absorption kinetic parameters and material properties， offering a new perspective for characterizing the moisture uptake behavior of CMM. This paper systematically reviews the application progress of this model in the field of CMM， analyzes its advantages， disadvantages， and challenges in this domain， and explores its potential application trends in other fields. It aims to provide references for elucidating the moisture absorption mechanisms of CMM and researching moisture-proofing technologies， while also offering insights for its broader application in food and polymer materials.

Objective:To investigate the effects of fibroblast growth factor receptor 1(FGFR1)on the resistance of colorectal cancer(CRC)cells to oxaliplatin(OXA).Methods:An OXA-resistant cell line(HCT8/OXA)was established by treating HCT8 CRC cells with low-dose OXA for a long period in vitro.The CCK-8 assay was used to compare the viability of the HCT8 and HCT8/OXA cells after OXA treatment and to exam-ine their resistance to the anticancer drug.Second-generation high-throughput sequencing technology was used to identify differentially ex-pressed genes between the parental and drug-resistant cells.The expression of FGFR1 in the HCT8 and HCT8/OXA cells was detected by Western blot assay.Colony formation and flow cytometric assays were used to determine cell proliferation and apoptosis,respectively.The expression of PI3K/AKT signaling pathway-related proteins was detected using Western blot assay.Results:Compared with the levels in the HCT8 cells,the FGFR1 levels were significantly increased in the HCT8/OXA cells(P<0.01).FGFR1 overexpression in the HCT8 cells increased their drug resistance(P<0.01)and proliferation(NC+OXA:236.67±6.24;FGFR1+OXA:568.33±6.24)and decreased their apoptotic rate after OXA treatment(NC+OXA:27.83±0.85;FGFR1+OXA:17.47±1.25).FGFR1 knockdown in the HCT8/OXA cells reduced their drug resistance(P<0.01)and proliferative ability(Si-NC+OXA:411±8.29;Si-FGFR1+OXA:233.33±20.55)and increased their apoptotic rate(Si-NC+OXA:2.85±0.17;Si-FGFR1+OXA:14.42±0.77).FGFR1 inhibited the activity of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and cell apoptosis and improved the proliferation and drug resistance of the CRC cells.By contrast,an activator of the PI3K/AKT pathway blocked the effects of FGFR1 on this sig-naling pathway and drug resistance in the CRC cells.Conclusions:FGFR1 can inhibit the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and thereby reduce the sensitivity of CRC cells to OXA.

Objective To explore the effects and potential mechanism of electroacupuncture at acute phase on cognitive dysfunction at later stage in rats with middle cerebral artery occlusion(MCAO).Methods Totally 39 SD rats were randomly divided into sham-operation group,model group and electroacupuncture group,with 13 rats in each group.MCAO model was established by Zea Longa thread embolism method in model group and electroacupuncture group.The sham-operation group only separated blood vessels.Electroacupuncture group was treated with electroacupuncture at"Baihui"and"Shenting"acupoints at 5 min and 6 h after model establishment respectively,for 30 min.The body mass,modified neuropathy severity scale(mNSS),and percentage of stiff immobility time of rats were monitored weekly,Nissl staining was used to observe the morphology of hippocampal tissue on the 28 d,immunofluorescence staining was used to detect the expression of Ki67,dual cortin(DCX)and neuronal differentiation factor 1(NeuroD1)in dentate gyrus of the hippocampus,the expression of synaptic vesicle protein 2A(SV2A)protein in dentate gyrus of hippocampus was detected by Western blot.Results Compared with the sham-operation group,on the first day after operation,the body mass of the model group rats decreased,then gradually increased,and on the 28th day,the body mass was still lower than that of the sham-operation group(P<0.05);on the first day after operation,the mNSS score significantly increased,gradually decreased thereafter,and remained higher than the sham-operation group until the 28th day(P<0.01);the percentage of stiff immobility time significantly decreased on the first day after operation,gradually stabilized,and remained lower than the sham-operation group on the 28th day(P<0.05);the hippocampal tissue structure was significantly damaged,and the density of Ki67+DCX+NeuroD1 positive cells in the dentate gyrus of hippocampus was significantly increased(P<0.05),the expression of SV2A protein in the dentate gyrus of hippocampal was significantly decreased(P<0.05).Compared with the model group,the body mass of rats in the electroacupuncture group showed an increasing trend(P<0.05),the mNSS score decreased(P<0.01),and the percentage of stiff immobility time increased(P<0.05);the ischemic injury area was significantly reduced,the structure was clearer,and the disordered and irregularly cells arrangement were reduced,the density of Ki67+DCX+NeuroD1 positive cells in the dentate gyrus of hippocampus significantly increased(P<0.05),and the expression of SV2A protein in the dentate gyrus of hippocampal significantly increased(P<0.05).Conclusion Electroacupuncture at acute phase at"Baihui"and"Shenting"can promote the recovery of cognitive dysfunction in MCAO rats in the later stage,and its mechanism may be related to enhancing the proliferation and differentiation of neural precursor cells in the dentate gyrus of hippocampus,promoting neurogenesis.

OBJECTIVE To analyze the correlation between styloid process related parameters and symptoms in patients with styloid process syndrome.METHODS A retrospective study was conducted on the 3D reconstruction CT results of the styloid process in 68 patients diagnosed with styloid process syndrome who visited the Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery,the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University from January 2010 to December 2024.The relationship between parameters such as styloid process length,angle,distance from styloid process tip to pharynx,and specific symptoms in patients with styloid process syndrome was analyzed.RESULTS Among 68 patients with styloid process syndrome,44 had unilateral symptoms and 24 had bilateral symptoms.The length of the styloid process on the symptomatic side of patients with unilateral symptoms(3.86±0.16)cm was significantly longer than that on the asymptomatic side(2.98±0.17)cm(Z=-2.191,P=0.028);The length of the styloid process on the side with severe symptoms in patients with bilateral symptoms(3.98±0.37)cm was also significantly longer than that in patients with mild symptoms(3.37±0.15)cm(t=2.448,P=0.024).Patients with styloid process syndrome mainly present with pharyngalgia(64.71%,44/68).There were no significant differences in the length,inclination angle,anteversion angle,and distance between the styloid process tip and the pharynx among those with unilateral pharyngalgia(n=29),bilateral pharyngalgia(n=15),and non pharyngalgia(n=24)(P>0.05).However,among the 68 patients with styloid syndrome,12 had calcification of the styloid hyoid ligament,while 56 did not.The incidence of unilateral pharyngalgia was significantly higher in patients with calcification of the styloid hyoid ligament than in patients without calcification(66.7%vs.35.7%,χ2=3.909,P=0.048).CONCLUSION The severity of symptoms in patients with styloid process syndrome is related to the length of the styloid process,and those with calcification of the styloid hyoid ligament are more likely to experience pharyngalgia.

Objective:To explore the clinical efficacy of periosteal induction technique combined with transfer of sural neurovascular flap in treatment of post-traumatic osteomyelitis of calcaneus with soft tissue defect.Methods:Clinical data, from January 2017 to December 2022, of 17 patients in the Army Institute for Traumatic Orthopaedics, the 920th Hospital of Joint Service Force of the Chinese People’s Liberation Amy with post-traumatic calcaneal osteomyelitis combined with soft tissue defect were retrospectively studied. The patients were 11 males and 6 females, with 46.5 (17-68) years in average. All patients received surgical treatment with periosteal induction technique in 2 phased surgies. Thorough debridement, antibiotics blended bone cement filling and wound coverage with sural neurovascular flap were carried out in phase-I surgery; The phase-II surgery were performed at 6-8 weeks after infection control to remove bone cement and then to transfer bone grafts for periosteal induction. After surgery, flap healing and infection control were observed. The infection control, pain improvement, recovery of ankle function and improvement of quality of life were evaluated by comparison of following parameters before and after surgery per phase: infection indicators [white blood cell count (WBC), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP)], Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) score, American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) ankle-hindfoot score, and MOS 36-item Short form Health Survey (SF-36, Boston Institute of Health, USA).Results:All 17 patients completed the two-phased surgical treatment, with an average interval of 9.4 (8-16) weeks between phase-I and phase-II surgery. All patients were included in the postoperative follow-up of 25.8 (13-40) months. After debridement in phase-I surgery, the sizes of soft tissue defect were found at 3.0 cm×2.0 cm-6.0 cm×8.0 cm. All flaps survived from the reconstructive surgery of sural neurovascular flap. Postoperative distal flap necroses occurred to 4 patients but all healed after further debridement. Recurrence of postoperative infection occurred to 2 patients and the infection control was achieved after the phase-I rescue surgery. Good outcomes without recurrence of infection were achieved after phase-II surgery. The postoperative follow-up at 1 year after phase-II surgery showed a statistically significant improvement of infection in blood indicators and reductions in VAS score, AOFAS ankle-hindfoot score and SF-36 score in comparison with those before surgery ( P<0.05). In addition to WBC, there were also significant differences in pairwise comparisons between each group at different time points ( P<0.05). Conclusion:In the treatment of post-traumatic calcaneal osteomyelitis with soft tissue defect, a combination of periosteal induction technique and sural neurovascular flap is beneficial to infection control, bone defect reconstruction, recovery of ankle function and improvement of quality of life.

Objective:To investigate the effects of fibroblast growth factor receptor 1(FGFR1)on the resistance of colorectal cancer(CRC)cells to oxaliplatin(OXA).Methods:An OXA-resistant cell line(HCT8/OXA)was established by treating HCT8 CRC cells with low-dose OXA for a long period in vitro.The CCK-8 assay was used to compare the viability of the HCT8 and HCT8/OXA cells after OXA treatment and to exam-ine their resistance to the anticancer drug.Second-generation high-throughput sequencing technology was used to identify differentially ex-pressed genes between the parental and drug-resistant cells.The expression of FGFR1 in the HCT8 and HCT8/OXA cells was detected by Western blot assay.Colony formation and flow cytometric assays were used to determine cell proliferation and apoptosis,respectively.The expression of PI3K/AKT signaling pathway-related proteins was detected using Western blot assay.Results:Compared with the levels in the HCT8 cells,the FGFR1 levels were significantly increased in the HCT8/OXA cells(P<0.01).FGFR1 overexpression in the HCT8 cells increased their drug resistance(P<0.01)and proliferation(NC+OXA:236.67±6.24;FGFR1+OXA:568.33±6.24)and decreased their apoptotic rate after OXA treatment(NC+OXA:27.83±0.85;FGFR1+OXA:17.47±1.25).FGFR1 knockdown in the HCT8/OXA cells reduced their drug resistance(P<0.01)and proliferative ability(Si-NC+OXA:411±8.29;Si-FGFR1+OXA:233.33±20.55)and increased their apoptotic rate(Si-NC+OXA:2.85±0.17;Si-FGFR1+OXA:14.42±0.77).FGFR1 inhibited the activity of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and cell apoptosis and improved the proliferation and drug resistance of the CRC cells.By contrast,an activator of the PI3K/AKT pathway blocked the effects of FGFR1 on this sig-naling pathway and drug resistance in the CRC cells.Conclusions:FGFR1 can inhibit the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and thereby reduce the sensitivity of CRC cells to OXA.

Objective To explore the effects and potential mechanism of electroacupuncture at acute phase on cognitive dysfunction at later stage in rats with middle cerebral artery occlusion(MCAO).Methods Totally 39 SD rats were randomly divided into sham-operation group,model group and electroacupuncture group,with 13 rats in each group.MCAO model was established by Zea Longa thread embolism method in model group and electroacupuncture group.The sham-operation group only separated blood vessels.Electroacupuncture group was treated with electroacupuncture at"Baihui"and"Shenting"acupoints at 5 min and 6 h after model establishment respectively,for 30 min.The body mass,modified neuropathy severity scale(mNSS),and percentage of stiff immobility time of rats were monitored weekly,Nissl staining was used to observe the morphology of hippocampal tissue on the 28 d,immunofluorescence staining was used to detect the expression of Ki67,dual cortin(DCX)and neuronal differentiation factor 1(NeuroD1)in dentate gyrus of the hippocampus,the expression of synaptic vesicle protein 2A(SV2A)protein in dentate gyrus of hippocampus was detected by Western blot.Results Compared with the sham-operation group,on the first day after operation,the body mass of the model group rats decreased,then gradually increased,and on the 28th day,the body mass was still lower than that of the sham-operation group(P<0.05);on the first day after operation,the mNSS score significantly increased,gradually decreased thereafter,and remained higher than the sham-operation group until the 28th day(P<0.01);the percentage of stiff immobility time significantly decreased on the first day after operation,gradually stabilized,and remained lower than the sham-operation group on the 28th day(P<0.05);the hippocampal tissue structure was significantly damaged,and the density of Ki67+DCX+NeuroD1 positive cells in the dentate gyrus of hippocampus was significantly increased(P<0.05),the expression of SV2A protein in the dentate gyrus of hippocampal was significantly decreased(P<0.05).Compared with the model group,the body mass of rats in the electroacupuncture group showed an increasing trend(P<0.05),the mNSS score decreased(P<0.01),and the percentage of stiff immobility time increased(P<0.05);the ischemic injury area was significantly reduced,the structure was clearer,and the disordered and irregularly cells arrangement were reduced,the density of Ki67+DCX+NeuroD1 positive cells in the dentate gyrus of hippocampus significantly increased(P<0.05),and the expression of SV2A protein in the dentate gyrus of hippocampal significantly increased(P<0.05).Conclusion Electroacupuncture at acute phase at"Baihui"and"Shenting"can promote the recovery of cognitive dysfunction in MCAO rats in the later stage,and its mechanism may be related to enhancing the proliferation and differentiation of neural precursor cells in the dentate gyrus of hippocampus,promoting neurogenesis.

Objective:To explore the clinical efficacy of periosteal induction technique combined with transfer of sural neurovascular flap in treatment of post-traumatic osteomyelitis of calcaneus with soft tissue defect.Methods:Clinical data, from January 2017 to December 2022, of 17 patients in the Army Institute for Traumatic Orthopaedics, the 920th Hospital of Joint Service Force of the Chinese People’s Liberation Amy with post-traumatic calcaneal osteomyelitis combined with soft tissue defect were retrospectively studied. The patients were 11 males and 6 females, with 46.5 (17-68) years in average. All patients received surgical treatment with periosteal induction technique in 2 phased surgies. Thorough debridement, antibiotics blended bone cement filling and wound coverage with sural neurovascular flap were carried out in phase-I surgery; The phase-II surgery were performed at 6-8 weeks after infection control to remove bone cement and then to transfer bone grafts for periosteal induction. After surgery, flap healing and infection control were observed. The infection control, pain improvement, recovery of ankle function and improvement of quality of life were evaluated by comparison of following parameters before and after surgery per phase: infection indicators [white blood cell count (WBC), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP)], Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) score, American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) ankle-hindfoot score, and MOS 36-item Short form Health Survey (SF-36, Boston Institute of Health, USA).Results:All 17 patients completed the two-phased surgical treatment, with an average interval of 9.4 (8-16) weeks between phase-I and phase-II surgery. All patients were included in the postoperative follow-up of 25.8 (13-40) months. After debridement in phase-I surgery, the sizes of soft tissue defect were found at 3.0 cm×2.0 cm-6.0 cm×8.0 cm. All flaps survived from the reconstructive surgery of sural neurovascular flap. Postoperative distal flap necroses occurred to 4 patients but all healed after further debridement. Recurrence of postoperative infection occurred to 2 patients and the infection control was achieved after the phase-I rescue surgery. Good outcomes without recurrence of infection were achieved after phase-II surgery. The postoperative follow-up at 1 year after phase-II surgery showed a statistically significant improvement of infection in blood indicators and reductions in VAS score, AOFAS ankle-hindfoot score and SF-36 score in comparison with those before surgery ( P<0.05). In addition to WBC, there were also significant differences in pairwise comparisons between each group at different time points ( P<0.05). Conclusion:In the treatment of post-traumatic calcaneal osteomyelitis with soft tissue defect, a combination of periosteal induction technique and sural neurovascular flap is beneficial to infection control, bone defect reconstruction, recovery of ankle function and improvement of quality of life.

Objective:To analyze the acoustic characteristics of patients with hypopharyngeal cancer accompanied by vocal cord dysfunction. Methods:A retrospective analysis was conducted on the data of patients with hypopharyngeal cancer who were initially treated at The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University from January 2018 to April 2024. Patients who had completed electronic laryngoscopy, stroboscopic laryngoscopy, and voice analysis were selected from the data. Among them, patients with hypopharyngeal cancer who had unilateral vocal cord activity disorders were selected as the experimental group, while patients with symmetrical bilateral vocal cord activity were assigned to the control group. Then the clinical characteristics, the vocal parameters, and the stroboscopic laryngoscopy results of patients with hypopharyngeal cancer in the experimental group and the control group were analyzed and compared. Results:Compared with that in the control group, the proportion of lesions located on the inner wall of the piriform fossa in the experimental group increased（83.3% vs 53.8%）, and the difference was statistically significant（P<0.05）. There was no significant difference in vocal parameters such as SPL, Jitter, Shimmer, MPT, DSI, F0, sound intensity, electroglottic value and VHI between the experimental group and the control group（P>0.05）. However, the values of F0, Jitter, Shimmer and VHI in the experimental group were higher than those in the control group. In addition, in terms of the results of stroboscopic laryngoscopy, the proportion of glottic insufficiency（42.9% vs 18.8%） and asymmetric arytenoid cartilage（64.3% vs 0） in the experimental group was significantly higher than that in the control group（P<0.05）. However, the mucosal waves of the vocal cords on the affected side did not weaken in patients in both the experimental group and the control group. In the experimental group of 18 patients with hypopharyngeal cancer who received induction chemotherapy（nituzumab+nedaplatin+5-fluorouracil）, 13 of them had improved vocal cord activity（improvement rate of 72.2%）. Conclusion:Hypopharyngeal cancer in the medial wall of the pyriform fossa is more prone to vocal cord dysfunction, but vocal cord dysfunction has little effect on the vocal parameters of patients with hypopharyngeal cancer.
Humans ; Hypopharyngeal Neoplasms ; Retrospective Studies ; Male ; Female ; Laryngoscopy ; Middle Aged ; Vocal Cord Dysfunction/etiology* ; Vocal Cords/physiopathology* ; Stroboscopy ; Voice Quality ; Aged

OBJECTIVE To analyze the narrow-band imaging(NBI)endoscopic characteristics of recurrent early glottic carcinoma patients after undergoing CO2 laser surgery with a suspend laryngoscopy.METHODS A retrospective study was conducted on patients with early-stage glottic carcinoma(Ⅰ-Ⅱ stage)who received CO2 laser surgery under supportive laryngoscopy at the Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery,the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiao Tong University from January 2017 to December 2023.The medical history,treatment methods,laryngoscopy(including common white light endoscopy and NBI endoscopy),imaging examinations,and pathological results of patients with recurrent glottic carcinoma were collected at different time points including preoperation,postoperative 1 month,postoperative 3 months,and postoperative 6 months.The endoscopic characteristics of NBI in patients with recurrent glottic carcinoma were summarized.RESULTS First,among 18 patients with early-stage glottic cancer recurrence after CO2 laser,the diagnostic rate of NBI endoscopy for laryngeal cancer recurrence(88.89％,16/18)was significantly higher than that of common white light endoscopy(55.56％,10/18)(χ2=4.985,P=0.026).The intraepithelial papillary capillary loop(IPCL)was classified as a vertical vessel according to ELS in all relapsed patients.However,according to Ni classification,the IPCL of the 72.22％(13/18)were classified as type V,while the IPCL of 27.78％(5/18)showed suspicious abnormal neovascularization(punctate or dilated and curved).The proportion of patients with abnormal IPCL on the surgical surface at 1 month,3 months,and 6 months postoperatively was 0.00％,27.78％(5/18),and 61.11％(11/18),respectively,with statistically significant differences(χ2=16.164,P<0.001),which indicated that the longer the follow-up time for recurrent laryngeal cancer patients,the higher the proportion of patients with abnormal IPCL on the surface of the surgical area under NBI endoscopy.CONCLUSION For early glottic carcinoma after CO2 laser surgery with a suspend laryngoscopy,the appearance of suspicious new blood vessels with type Ⅴ IPCL and punctate or dilated curvature under NBI endoscopy may indicate early recurrence of laryngeal cancer.