Occupational and environmental exposure can directly cause specific lung diseases, and can also induce autoimmune diseases that can lead to various types of interstitial lung diseases. In recent years, it was discovered that certain occupational and environmental exposure was related to the increased risk of Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) disease and progression, including metal and mineral dust, wood dust, organic dust, asbestos dust, silica dust, cigarette smoke and air pollution. IPF is a chronic progressive fibrotic lung disease of unknown etiology, with a characteristic imaging and histologic pattern called usual interstitial pneumonia. This article is a review based on the correlation and mechanism of occupational and environmental exposure in the pathogenesis and disease progression of IPF to improve the understanding of the disease and promote the formulation of treatment plans.
Humans ; Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis/etiology* ; Dust ; Environmental Exposure/adverse effects* ; Occupational Exposure/adverse effects* ; Lung Diseases, Interstitial

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the clinical features, radiologic scores and clinically relevant risk factors prognosis of secondary interstitial lung disease (ILD) in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). METHODS: In this study, 60 SLE patients in Department of Rheumatology of the First Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College and Taizhou First People's Hospital from January 2015 to March 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. All of those 60 patients with SLE underwent lung high resolution computed tomography (HRCT) examination. We used a 1 ∶1 case-control study. There was a matching of age and gender between the two groups. Thirty patients with SLE related ILD (SLE-ILD) were in the case group, and 30 patients with SLE without ILE (SLE non-ILD) were in the control group. The clinical features, pulmonary function test, radiologic characteristic of SLE patients were collected and were used to analyze SLE-ILD. RESULTS: In this study, we reached the following conclusions: First, there were statistically significant differences in chest tightness/shortness of breath, Raynaud's phenomenon, and Velcro rale between SLE-ILD and SLE non-ILD patients (both P < 0.05); Second, hemoglobin (Hb) and albumin (ALB) in the patients of SLE-ILD had a significant decrease compared with the patients of SLE non-ILD. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP) increased in SLE-ILD patients compared with SLE non-ILD patients, the difference had statistical significance (P < 0.05); Third, for SLE-ILD patients, the most common type was non-specific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP), followed by usual interstitial pneumonia and lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia; Fourth, there was no significant difference in clinical-radiology-physiology scores between the different ILD types (P>0.05), similarly, the lung HRCT score and lung function between different ILD types had no significant difference (P>0.05); Fifth, multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that decreased albumin and chest tightness/shortness of breath might be the risk factor for SLE-ILD. CONCLUSION There are statistically significant differences between the SLE-ILD group and SLE non-ILD group in terms of chest tightness/shortness of breath, Velcro rale and Raynaud's phenomenon. Decreased albumin and chest tightness/shortness of breath in SLE patients should be alerted to the occurrence of ILD. NSIP is the most common manifestation of SLE-ILD.
Case-Control Studies ; Humans ; Lung/diagnostic imaging* ; Lung Diseases, Interstitial/etiology* ; Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/complications* ; Retrospective Studies

Arthritis, Rheumatoid/complications* ; Biomarkers ; Humans ; Lung Diseases, Interstitial/etiology* ; Prognosis

Juvenile dermatomyositis (JDM) is an autoimmune disease manifesting as proximal muscle weakness and skin rash and can involve multiple systems and visceral organs. Myositis-specific autoantibodies (MSAs) are highly associated with various complications and prognosis in JDM. Patients with anti-Mi-2 antibodies tend to have good prognosis and typical clinical symptoms. Patients with anti-MDA5 antibodies often have diffuse interstitial lung disease and skin ulcer, with mild symptoms of myositis. Patients with anti-NXP2 antibodies often have calcinosis, and such antibodies are associated with gastrointestinal bleeding and perforation. Patients with anti-TIF1-γ antibodies have diffuse and refractory skin lesions. Anti-SAE antibodies are rarely detected in children, with few reports of such cases. This article reviews the features of clinical phenotypes in JDM children with these five types of MSAs, so as to provide a basis for the clinical treatment and follow-up management of children with JDM.
Autoantibodies ; Dermatomyositis ; Humans ; Lung Diseases, Interstitial/etiology* ; Myositis ; Prognosis

To explore the chest high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) features in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) complicated with pulmonary involvement. Totally 161 patients with RA with lung involvement were collected from June 2014 to May 2018. The chest HRCT findings were retrospectively analyzed. According to the imaging features as well as the results of history taking,pulmonary function test,pathology,and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid test,RA-related lung diseases (RA-LD) were classified and their clinical characteristics were compared. These 161 RA-LD patients (56 males and 105 females) whose mean age at diagnosis was (60.7±12.8) years (14-85 years) included 87 cases of usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) (including 16 cases of possible UIP),44 cases of non-specific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP),10 cases of organizing pneumonia,7 cases of lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia,9 cases of small airway disease (SAD) (including 8 cases of bronchiolitis obliterans and 1 case of follicular bronchiolitis),and 4 other lung manifestations (including 3 cases of diffuse alveolar hemorrhage and 1 case of rheumatoid nodules). The UIP group had the oldest average age [(63.3±12.1) years old] and the highest smoking rate (41.4%). The SAD group had the youngest average age [(54.7±15.1) years old] and there was no smoking history. There were significant differences between these two groups (=0.020,<0.001). Seventy patients (43.5%) with RA-LD were complicated with pleural lesions. RA involving the lung is common and has varied imaging manifestations,with interstitial lung diseases (mainly UIP and NSIP) being the most important manifestations. RA patients should undergo lung HRCT as early as possible to identify the lung involvement and related types.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Arthritis, Rheumatoid ; complications ; diagnostic imaging ; Female ; Humans ; Lung ; Lung Diseases, Interstitial ; diagnostic imaging ; etiology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Retrospective Studies ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVETo discuss the clinical features of Indium-related lung diseases.

METHODSWe searched database of Chinese and Pubmed, Embase, Web of Science to collect research data of indium-related lung diseases from Jan. 1998 to Aprl. 2014. Case reports, exposure histories and lab results were analysed and summarized.

RESULTS1998 to Mar 2010, ten cases of indium-related lung diseases were published. Seven cases of interstitial pneumonia were reported in Japan, two cases of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) were reported in the USA and one case of PAP reported in China. Chest computer tomography (CT) showed diffuse or local ground glass appearance (GGA) in 8 cases, 3 of which also showed centrilobular nodules; Pulmonary function test were normal only in one out of 8 cases. Cholesterol clefts were found in 4 cases of interstitial pneumonia. 3 cases died among 6 cases who were followed-up.

CONCLUSIONSOccupational exposure to indium compounds are contributory to different pulmonary diseases, which are composed of interstitial pneumonia and pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. The relationships between In-C, In-S and these pulmonary diseases are unclear.

China ; Glass ; Humans ; Indium ; toxicity ; Japan ; Lung Diseases, Interstitial ; etiology ; pathology ; Occupational Exposure ; adverse effects ; Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis ; etiology ; pathology ; Respiratory Function Tests ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

BACKGROUND/AIMS: To evaluate the impact on mortality of anti-tumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF) treatment of rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease (RA-ILD). METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 100 RA-ILD patients who visited our tertiary care medical center between 2004 and 2011, identified those treated with an anti-TNF agent, divided patients into non-survivor and survivor groups and evaluated their clinical characteristics and causes of death. RESULTS: A total of 24 RA-ILD patients received anti-TNF therapy, of whom six died (25%). Mean age at initiation of anti-TNF therapy was significantly higher in the nonsurvivor versus survivor group (76 years [range, 66 to 85] vs. 64 years [range, 50 to 81], respectively; p = 0.043). The mean duration of anti-TNF treatment in the non-survivor group was shorter (7 months [range, 2 to 14] vs. 23 months [range, 2 to 58], respectively; p = 0.030). The duration of anti-TNF therapy in all nonsurviving patients was < 12 months. Pulmonary function test results at ILD diagnosis, and cumulative doses of disease-modifying drugs and steroids, did not differ between groups. Five of the six deaths (83%) were related to lung disease, including two diffuse alveolar hemorrhages, two cases of acute exacerbation of ILD, and one of pneumonia. The sixth patient died of septic shock following septic arthritis of the knee. CONCLUSIONS: Lung complications can occur within months of initial anti-TNF treatment in older RA-ILD patients; therefore, anti-TNF therapy should be used with caution in these patients.
Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Antirheumatic Agents/adverse effects/*therapeutic use ; Arthritis, Rheumatoid/complications/diagnosis/*drug therapy/immunology/mortality ; Female ; Humans ; Lung Diseases, Interstitial/diagnosis/etiology/*mortality ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Republic of Korea ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Assessment ; Risk Factors ; Tertiary Care Centers ; Time Factors ; Treatment Outcome ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/*antagonists & inhibitors

OBJECTIVETo study the pathology, imaging and clinical features of a child with trisomy 21 syndrome associated interstitial lung disease.

METHODData of a case with trisomy 21 syndrome associated interstitial lung disease confirmed by lung imaging and pathology were collected, analyzed and the related reports in literature were reviewed.

RESULTThe patient was a one year and 7 months old boy who suffered from severe pneumonia and recurrent infection during his hospital stay. When his disease was stable, he did not have shortness of breath and cyanosis, but a chest computed tomography (CT) showed ground-glass opacity, regional emphysema, band-like change in lung parenchyma, which indicated interstitial lung diseases. Unequal air inflation in bilateral lungs and diffuse over-distension of peripheral air spaces in lung surface were seen through thoracoscope. Pathological examination indicated that alveolar, alveolar ducts and alveolar sac were enlarged, alveolar septa was expanded. There were two reports in lung pathology of trisomy 21 syndrome, alveolar growth abnormalities was seen in 86%-88% cases. The multiple subpleural cysts in chest CT was characteristic. Clinically, trisomy 21 syndrome had high morbidity of respiratory tract infection and progress to respiratory failure frequently. Prolonged postoperative desaturation was constant which required long duration of respiratory support.

CONCLUSIONTrisomy 21 syndrome associated alveolar growth abnormalities were confirmed, which manifest as alveolar simplification in pathology and interstitial lung diseases in imaging. The risk of respiratory failure in these cases caused by infection and surgery should be considered.

Cysts ; pathology ; Down Syndrome ; complications ; Humans ; Infant ; Lung ; pathology ; Lung Diseases, Interstitial ; diagnosis ; etiology ; Male ; Postoperative Period ; Pulmonary Alveoli ; pathology ; Respiratory Insufficiency ; Respiratory Tract Infections ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

BACKGROUNDGiant cell interstitial pneumonia (GIP) was a rare form of pneumoconiosis, associated with exposure to hard metals, which had been reported mostly as isolated case reports. We described eight cases of GIP diagnosed in our hospital during the past seven years, with particular reference to new findings.

METHODSEight patients with GIP confirmed by biopsy in the Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital affiliated to Medical School of Nanjing University from 2005 to 2011 were retrospectively analyzed. For each patient, the occupy histories and medical records were thoroughly reviewed and clinic data were extracted. Two radiologists, without knowledge of any of the clinical and functional findings, independently reviewed the HRCT scans of all patients. Follow-up data were collected.

RESULTSAmong the eight patients, seven had a history of exposure to hard metal dusts, one denied an exposure history. The most common manifestations were cough and dyspnea. One patient initiated with pneumothorax and another pleural effusion, both of which were uncommon to GIP. The main pathologic appearances were the presence of macrophages and multinucleated giant cells in the alveolar space. The clinical symptoms and radiographic abnormalities were obviously improved after cessation of exposure and receiving corticosteroid treatments, recurrences were observed in two patients when they resumed work. In spite of exposure cessation and corticosteroid treatment, one patient developed pulmonary fibrosis at seven years follow-up.

CONCLUSIONSAwareness of the patients' occupational history often provided clues to the diagnosis of GIP. Histopathologic examinations were necessary to establish the right diagnosis. Exposure cessation was of benefit to most patients; however, pulmonary fibrosis was possible in spite of exposure cessation and corticosteroid treatment. Better ways should be found out to improve the outcome and quality of life.

Adult ; Alloys ; toxicity ; Cobalt ; toxicity ; Female ; Humans ; Lung ; pathology ; Lung Diseases, Interstitial ; diagnosis ; etiology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Pulmonary Fibrosis ; diagnosis ; etiology ; Retrospective Studies ; Tungsten ; toxicity ; Young Adult

Interstitial lung disease in children (chILD) is a group of disorders characterized by lung inflammation and interstitial fibrosis. In the past recent years, we noted an outbreak of child in Korea, which is possibly associated with inhalation toxicity. Here, we report a series of cases involving toxic inhalational injury-associated chILD with bronchiolitis obliterans pattern in Korean children. This study included 16 pediatric patients confirmed by lung biopsy and chest computed tomography, between February 2006 and May 2011 at Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital. The most common presenting symptoms were cough and dyspnea. The median age at presentation was 26 months (range: 12-47 months), with high mortality (44%). Histopathological analysis showed bronchiolar destruction and centrilobular distribution of alveolar destruction by inflammatory and fibroproliferative process with subpleural sparing. Chest computed tomography showed ground-glass opacities and consolidation in the early phase and diffuse centrilobular nodular opacity in the late phase. Air leak with severe respiratory difficulty was associated with poor prognosis. Although respiratory chemicals such as humidifier disinfectants were strongly considered as a cause of this disease, further studies are needed to understand the etiology and pathophysiology of the disease to improve the prognosis and allow early diagnosis and treatment.
APACHE ; Bronchi/pathology ; Child, Preschool ; Cough/etiology ; Cyclophosphamide/therapeutic use ; Disinfectants/*toxicity ; Dyspnea/etiology ; Enzyme Inhibitors/therapeutic use ; Humans ; Hydroxychloroquine/therapeutic use ; Immunoglobulins/therapeutic use ; Infant ; Inhalation ; Lung Diseases, Interstitial/chemically induced/drug therapy/*pathology ; Prognosis ; Retrospective Studies ; Steroids/therapeutic use ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed