PURPOSE: Congenital pulmonary airway malformation (CPAM)—a rare developmental anomaly—affects the lower respiratory tract in newborns. By comparing the reliability of diagnostic tools and identifying predictive factors for symptoms, we provide comprehensive clinical data for the proper management of CPAM. METHODS: We reviewed the medical records of 66 patients with prenatally diagnosed CPAM delivered at Severance Children's Hospital between January 2005 and July 2017. RESULTS: We enrolled 33 boys and 33 girls. Their mean gestational age and birth weight were 38.8 weeks and 3,050 g, respectively. Prenatal ultrasonography and postnatal radiography, lung ultrasonography, and chest computed tomography (CT) showed inconsistent findings. Chest CT showed superior sensitivity (100%) and positive predictive value (90%). Among the 66 patients, 59 had postnatally confirmed CPAM, three had pulmonary sequestration, one had cystic teratoma, and one had a normal lung. Of the 59 patients with CPAM, 21 (35%; mean age, 23.4 months) underwent surgery, including 15 who underwent video-assisted thoracoscopy. Twenty-five and 12 patients exhibited respiratory symptoms at birth and during infancy, respectively. Apgar scores and mediastinal shift on radiography were significantly associated with respiratory symptoms at birth. However, none of the factors could predict respiratory symptoms during infancy. CONCLUSION: Radiography or ultrasonography combined with chest CT can confirm an unclear or inconsistent lesion. Apgar scores and mediastinal shift on radiography can predict respiratory symptoms at birth. However, symptoms during infancy are not associated with prenatal and postnatal factors. Chest CT combined with periodic symptom monitoring is important for diagnosing and managing patients with prenatally diagnosed CPAM and to guide appropriate timing of surgery.
Birth Weight ; Bronchopulmonary Sequestration ; Cystic Adenomatoid Malformation of Lung, Congenital ; Female ; Gestational Age ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Lung ; Medical Records ; Parturition ; Radiography ; Respiratory System ; Teratoma ; Thoracic Surgery, Video-Assisted ; Thoracoscopy ; Thorax ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; Ultrasonography ; Ultrasonography, Prenatal

Pulmonary vein (PV) stenosis is a complication of ablation therapy for arrhythmias. We report two cases with chronic lung parenchymal abnormalities showing no improvement and waxing and waning features, which were initially diagnosed as nonspecific pneumonias, and finally confirmed as PV stenosis. When a patient presents for nonspecific respiratory symptoms without evidence of infection after ablation therapy and image findings show chronic and repetitive parenchymal abnormalities confined in localized portion, the possibility of PV stenosis should be considered.
Atrial Fibrillation/surgery ; Catheter Ablation/*adverse effects/methods ; Constriction, Pathologic/diagnosis/*radiography ; *Diagnostic Errors ; Female ; Humans ; Lung/surgery ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Pneumonia/diagnosis ; Pulmonary Infarction/pathology/*radiography ; Pulmonary Veins/physiopathology/radiography ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed/adverse effects ; Vascular Diseases/physiopathology

Treatments for pure ground-glass nodules (GGNs) include limited resection; however, surgery is not always possible in patients with limited pulmonary functional reserve. In such patients, cryoablation may be a suitable alternative to treat a pure GGN. Here, we report our initial experience with cryoablation of a pure GGN that remained after repeated surgical resection in a patient with multiple GGNs. A 5-mm-sized pure GGN in the left lower lobe was cryoablated successfully without recurrence at the 6-month follow-up.
Cryosurgery/*methods ; Female ; Humans ; Lung Neoplasms/radiography/*surgery ; Middle Aged ; Multiple Pulmonary Nodules/radiography/*surgery ; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/radiography ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

PURPOSE: We evaluated the clinical characteristics and courses of patients with congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation (CCAM) complicated by pneumonia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the records of 19 adult patients with surgically confirmed CCAM between March 2005 and July 2013. RESULTS: Eighteen of nineteen patients presented with acute pneumonia symptoms and signs, and inflammatory markers were elevated. On chest computed tomography, all 18 patients had parenchymal infiltration around cystic lesions, 17 (94%) had an air-fluid level, and 2 (11%) had pleural effusion. After antibiotics treatment for a median of 22 days prior to surgery, all acute pneumonia symptoms and signs disappeared in 17 (94%) patients at a median of 10 days. Improvements and normalization of inflammatory marker levels, occurred in 17 (94%) and 9 (50%) patients at medians of 8 and 17 days, respectively. Radiological improvement was evident in 11 (61%) patients, at a median of 18 days, of these patients, partial radiological improvement occurred in 10 (56%) and complete radiological resolution in only 1 (6%). One patient (6%) did not improve in terms of clinical, laboratory, or radiological findings despite antibiotic treatment for 13 days. Consequently, after 17 (94%) elective and 1 (6%) emergency surgeries, all patients improved without development of complications. CONCLUSION: We described the clinical characteristics and courses of patients with CCAM complicated by pneumonia, and showed that surgery may be performed safely after clinicolaboratory improvement is attained upon antibiotic treatment, even in the absence of complete radiological resolution.
Adult ; Cystic Adenomatoid Malformation of Lung, Congenital/*diagnosis/*surgery/therapy ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Physical Examination ; Pleural Effusion ; Pneumonia/complications/*radiography ; Retrospective Studies ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; Treatment Outcome

A 76-year-old male underwent a left upper lobectomy with wedge resection of the superior segment of the left lower lobe using video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) for non-small-cell lung cancer of the left upper lobe. He presented with shortness of breath, fever, and leukocytosis. Chest radiography showed atelectasis at the remaining left lower lobe. Bronchoscopy revealed narrowing of the left lower bronchus with purulent secretion, and computed tomography showed downward kinking of the left lower lobar bronchus. He underwent exploratory VATS, and intraoperative findings showed an inferiorly kinked left lower lobar bronchus with upward displacement of the left lower lobe. After adhesiolysis, the kinked bronchus was straightened, and bronchopexy was performed to the pericardium to prevent the recurrence of bronchial kinking. Also, the inferior pulmonary ligament was reattached to prevent upward displacement. Postoperative follow-up bronchoscopy revealed no evidence of residual bronchial obstruction, and chest radiography showed no atelectasis thereafter.
Aged ; Airway Obstruction ; Bronchi* ; Bronchoscopy ; Dyspnea ; Fever ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Leukocytosis ; Ligaments ; Lung Neoplasms ; Male ; Pericardium ; Pulmonary Atelectasis ; Radiography ; Recurrence ; Thoracic Surgery, Video-Assisted ; Thorax

Preoperative localization is necessary prior to video assisted thoracoscopic surgery for the detection of small or deeply located lung nodules. We compared the localization ability of a mixture of lipiodol and methylene blue (MLM) (0.6 mL, 1:5) to methylene blue (0.5 mL) in rabbit lungs. CT-guided percutaneous injections were performed in 21 subjects with MLM and methylene blue. We measured the extent of staining on freshly excised lung and evaluated the subjective localization ability with 4 point scales at 6 and 24 hr after injections. For MLM, radio-opacity was evaluated on the fluoroscopy. We considered score 2 (acceptable) or 3 (excellent) as appropriate for localization. The staining extent of MLM was significantly smaller than methylene blue (0.6 vs 1.0 cm, P<0.001). MLM showed superior staining ability over methylene blue (2.8 vs 2.2, P=0.010). Excellent staining was achieved in 17 subjects (81%) with MLM and 8 (38%) with methylene blue (P=0.011). An acceptable or excellent radio-opacity of MLM was found in 13 subjects (62%). An appropriate localization rate of MLM was 100% with the use of the directly visible ability and radio-opacity of MLM. MLM provides a superior pulmonary localization ability over methylene blue.
Animals ; Ethiodized Oil/*administration & dosage ; Fluoroscopy ; Injections, Subcutaneous ; Lung/*radiography/surgery ; Methylene Blue/*administration & dosage ; Preoperative Care ; Rabbits ; Solitary Pulmonary Nodule/*surgery ; Staining and Labeling/methods ; Thoracic Surgery, Video-Assisted/*methods ; Thoracoscopy/methods ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

Pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis (PAM) is a rare chronic disease with paucity of symptoms in contrast to the imaging findings. We present a case of a 24-year-old Malay man having an incidental abnormal pre-employment chest radiograph of dense micronodular opacities giving the classical "sandstorm" appearance. High-resolution computed tomography of the lungs showed microcalcifications with subpleural cystic changes. Open lung biopsy showed calcospherites within the alveolar spaces. The radiological and histopathological findings were characteristic of PAM.
Biopsy ; Calcinosis/*diagnosis/surgery ; Chronic Disease ; Genetic Diseases, Inborn/*diagnosis/surgery ; Humans ; *Incidental Findings ; Lung Diseases/*diagnosis/surgery ; Male ; Pulmonary Alveoli/pathology/radiography ; Thoracic Surgery, Video-Assisted/methods ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed/*methods ; Young Adult

A pulmonary mucinous cystadenocarcinoma is an extremely rare tumor that is considered to be a cystic variant of mucin-producing lung adenocarcinoma. We present a case of pulmonary mucinous cystadenocarcinoma in a 54-year-old woman. Chest CT scans showed a 4.3-cm-sized, lobulated, well-defined, and homogeneous mass in the right middle lobe with peripheral stippled calcifications that demonstrated low-attenuation with no enhancement after contrast administration; 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET/CT demonstrated mild heterogeneous FDG uptake. The mass was diagnosed as adenocarcinoma with mucin production by transbronchial lung biopsy. Right middle lobectomy was performed, and the pathologic examination disclosed a pulmonary mucinous cystadenocarcinoma.
Cystadenocarcinoma, Mucinous/pathology/*radiography/surgery ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Female ; Fluorodeoxyglucose F18/diagnostic use ; Humans ; Lung Neoplasms/pathology/*radiography/surgery ; Middle Aged ; Positron-Emission Tomography and Computed Tomography ; Radiopharmaceuticals/diagnostic use ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed/*methods

Placental transmogrification is a very rare lung disease, where the alveoli resemble the chorionic villi of placenta, and this change is a characteristic finding. A 31-year-old female patient presented with cough and dyspnea that had begun 2 weeks prior to admission. Along with giant bulla found in the left upper lung field, subsegmental consolidation was also identified in the lingular segment on plain chest radiograph and CT scan. Wedge resection was performed to remove the bulla. Pathologic examination of the resected bulla revealed destruction of the normal structures and characteristic villous and papillary changes. These changes led to a diagnosis of placental transmogrification. We made an encounter of an unusual placental transmogrification which had different image findings from other reported transmogrification cases. Thus, we report an atypical placental transmogrification case where both consolidation and giant bulla coexist.
Adult ; Chorionic Villi/*pathology ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Female ; Humans ; Lung/*pathology/radiography/surgery ; Lung Diseases/pathology/*radiography/surgery ; Pneumonectomy ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed/*methods

Basaloid squamous cell carcinoma is a rare and aggressive variant of squamous cell carcinoma, which mostly occurs in the upper aerodigestive tracts. Basaloid squamous cell carcinoma also typically arises in the anal canal, but is extremely rare in the lower gastrointestinal tract. A 70-year-old man presented with loose stool and intermittent hematochezia 2 months ago. Colonoscopy showed an ulceroinfiltrative mass on the rectosigmoid colon from 16 cm to 18 cm above the anal verge. Conventional colonoscope could not pass through the lesion but it was possible with pediatric colonoscope. Abdominal CT scan showed 1.6 cm sized wall thickening with circumferential luminal narrowing in the rectosigmoid colon and multiple ill-defined low density masses in both lobes of the liver. Therefore, colon cancer with liver metastasis was suspected. However, basaloid cells were noted on histologic examination, and they were weakly positive for synaptophysin on immunohistochemical study. After palliative lower anterior resection, histologic examination of the resected specimen revealed basaloid differentiation with keratin pearls, and tumor cells were positively stained with high molecular weighted cytokeratin (34BE12) and CK 5/6. Thus, the patient was finally diagnosed with basaloid squamous cell carcinoma of rectosigmoid colon with distant metastases.
Aged ; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/*diagnosis/pathology/surgery ; Colonoscopy ; Colorectal Neoplasms/*diagnosis/pathology/surgery ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Keratins/metabolism ; Liver Neoplasms/radiography/secondary ; Lung Neoplasms/radionuclide imaging/secondary ; Male ; Positron-Emission Tomography ; Synaptophysin/metabolism ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed