BACKGROUND:Currently,there are many modeling methods for pelvic organ prolapse animal models,and the commonly used methods are vaginal balloon dilatation,oophorectomy and the combination of the two.There is no study comparing the three modeling methods in detail.OBJECTIVE:To construct and validate a rat animal model of pelvic organ prolapse using three different methods and to identify the advantages and disadvantages of various models.METHODS:Seventy-two 8-week SPF-grade female Sprague-Dawley rats were selected and randomly divided into four groups,namely,vaginal balloon dilatation group,ovariectomy group,ovariectomy combined with vaginal balloon dilatation group(the combined group),and the sham-operated group(no ovariectomy and no vaginal dilatation).The vaginal wall tissues of rats were collected at 4,8 and 12 weeks after the operation for hematoxylin-eosin staining,Masson staining,EVG staining and immunohistochemical staining of α-smooth muscle actin,Vimentin and matrix metalloproteinase 9 detection,and the pelvic floor muscle tissues were taken at 4,8 and 12 weeks after the operation for hematoxylin-eosin staining,Masson staining and EVG staining.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)Hematoxylin-eosi staining showed that there was no significant difference in the decrease of vaginal epithelial layer thickness in the vaginal balloon dilatation group compared with the sham-operated group,(P＞0.05),while the thickness of the vaginal epithelial layer was significantly reduced in the ovariectomy group and the ovariectomy combined with vaginal balloon dilation group(P＜0.001),and the reduction was more significant in the ovariectomy combined with vaginal balloon dilation group,remained stable at 8 weeks after surgery and lasted until 12 weeks.(2)The changes in the content of collagen fibers and elastic fibers in the vaginal wall stained by Masson and EVG staining were the same as the changes in the thickness of the vaginal epithelial layer stained by hematoxylin-eosin,and there were no changes in collagen fibers and elastic fibers in the pelvic floor muscle tissues of the treatment groups.(3)At 4,8 and 12 weeks after treatment,there was no significant difference in the expression levels of α-smooth muscle actin,Vimentin and matrix metalloproteinase 9 in the vaginal wall tissue of the balloon dilation group compared with the control group(P＞0.05),whereas the expression levels of α-smooth muscle actin and Vimentin were significantly decreased in the ovariectomy group and ovariectomy combined with vaginal balloon dilation group(P＜0.01)and the expression of matrix metalloproteinase 9 showed a significant increase(P＜0.01),with a more pronounced increase in the ovariectomy combined with vaginal balloon dilation group,and the increase reached a stable state at 8 weeks after surgery and could persist up to 12 weeks.To conclude,vaginal balloon dilatation could not maintain the degeneration of pelvic organ prolapse formed by the vaginal wall for a long period,and both ovariectomy and the combined method can be used.Ovariectomy combined with vaginal balloon dilatation can significantly accelerate and aggravate the formation of typical histological features of pelvic organ prolapse in vaginal wall tissues,effectively shorten the experimental period,and improve the efficiency.These effects reach a stable state at 8 weeks after surgery and can be sustained up to 12 weeks,which is practical and convenient for the study of pelvic organ prolapse animal models.

BACKGROUND:Currently,there are many modeling methods for pelvic organ prolapse animal models,and the commonly used methods are vaginal balloon dilatation,oophorectomy and the combination of the two.There is no study comparing the three modeling methods in detail.OBJECTIVE:To construct and validate a rat animal model of pelvic organ prolapse using three different methods and to identify the advantages and disadvantages of various models.METHODS:Seventy-two 8-week SPF-grade female Sprague-Dawley rats were selected and randomly divided into four groups,namely,vaginal balloon dilatation group,ovariectomy group,ovariectomy combined with vaginal balloon dilatation group(the combined group),and the sham-operated group(no ovariectomy and no vaginal dilatation).The vaginal wall tissues of rats were collected at 4,8 and 12 weeks after the operation for hematoxylin-eosin staining,Masson staining,EVG staining and immunohistochemical staining of α-smooth muscle actin,Vimentin and matrix metalloproteinase 9 detection,and the pelvic floor muscle tissues were taken at 4,8 and 12 weeks after the operation for hematoxylin-eosin staining,Masson staining and EVG staining.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)Hematoxylin-eosi staining showed that there was no significant difference in the decrease of vaginal epithelial layer thickness in the vaginal balloon dilatation group compared with the sham-operated group,(P＞0.05),while the thickness of the vaginal epithelial layer was significantly reduced in the ovariectomy group and the ovariectomy combined with vaginal balloon dilation group(P＜0.001),and the reduction was more significant in the ovariectomy combined with vaginal balloon dilation group,remained stable at 8 weeks after surgery and lasted until 12 weeks.(2)The changes in the content of collagen fibers and elastic fibers in the vaginal wall stained by Masson and EVG staining were the same as the changes in the thickness of the vaginal epithelial layer stained by hematoxylin-eosin,and there were no changes in collagen fibers and elastic fibers in the pelvic floor muscle tissues of the treatment groups.(3)At 4,8 and 12 weeks after treatment,there was no significant difference in the expression levels of α-smooth muscle actin,Vimentin and matrix metalloproteinase 9 in the vaginal wall tissue of the balloon dilation group compared with the control group(P＞0.05),whereas the expression levels of α-smooth muscle actin and Vimentin were significantly decreased in the ovariectomy group and ovariectomy combined with vaginal balloon dilation group(P＜0.01)and the expression of matrix metalloproteinase 9 showed a significant increase(P＜0.01),with a more pronounced increase in the ovariectomy combined with vaginal balloon dilation group,and the increase reached a stable state at 8 weeks after surgery and could persist up to 12 weeks.To conclude,vaginal balloon dilatation could not maintain the degeneration of pelvic organ prolapse formed by the vaginal wall for a long period,and both ovariectomy and the combined method can be used.Ovariectomy combined with vaginal balloon dilatation can significantly accelerate and aggravate the formation of typical histological features of pelvic organ prolapse in vaginal wall tissues,effectively shorten the experimental period,and improve the efficiency.These effects reach a stable state at 8 weeks after surgery and can be sustained up to 12 weeks,which is practical and convenient for the study of pelvic organ prolapse animal models.

OBJECTIVE: To review the role and research progress of mechanotransduction signaling pathway in distraction osteogenesis, so as to provide theoretical basis and reference for clinical treatment. METHODS: The role and research progress of mechanotransduction signaling pathway in distraction osteogenesis were summarized by extensive review of relevant literature at home and abroad. RESULTS: The mechanotransduction signaling pathway plays a central role of "sensation-transformation-execution" in distraction osteogenesis, and activates a series of molecular mechanisms to promote the regeneration and remodeling of bone tissue by integrating external mechanical signals. Mechanical stimuli are converted into mechanotransduction signals through the perception of integrins, Piezo1 ion channels and bone cell networks. Activate downstream molecules are transduce through signal pathways such as Wnt/β-catenin, transforming growth factor β/bone morphogenetic protein-Smad, mitogen-activated protein kinase, protein kinase Hippo-Yes-associated protein/transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif, and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/ protein kinase B, so as to achieve the effects of promoting osteoblasts proliferation, accelerating endochondral ossification, regulating bone resorption and the like, thereby promoting the regeneration of new bone in the distraction area. The study of mechanotransduction signaling pathways in distraction osteogenesis is expected to optimize the mechanical parameters of distraction osteogenesis and provide targeted intervention strategies for accelerating new bone regeneration and mineralization in the distraction zone. However, the specific mechanism of mechanotransduction signaling pathway in distraction osteogenesis remains to be further elucidated, and artificial intelligence and multi-omics analysis may be the future development direction of mechanotransduction signaling pathway. CONCLUSION In distraction osteogenesis, mechanotransduction signal transduction is the core mechanism of bone regeneration in the distraction zone, which regulates cell behavior and tissue regeneration by converting mechanical stimulation into biochemical signals.
Mechanotransduction, Cellular/physiology* ; Osteogenesis, Distraction/methods* ; Humans ; Signal Transduction ; Bone Regeneration ; Animals ; Osteoblasts/metabolism* ; Osteogenesis ; Transforming Growth Factor beta/metabolism* ; Ion Channels/metabolism* ; Integrins/metabolism* ; beta Catenin/metabolism* ; Bone Morphogenetic Proteins/metabolism* ; Smad Proteins/metabolism*

Objective: To understand the sedentary behavior level of children and adolescents with intellectual disabilities in Jinan City, and to provide a reference basis for developing health behavior intervention strategies. Methods: By used the method of cluster random sampling,the Children s Leisure Activities Study Survey was used to investigate the sedentary behavior level of 285 children and adolescents with intellectual disabilities aged 6-18 years from 7 special education schools in Jinan City. Results: The sedentary behavior time during the whole week among children and adolescents with intellectual disabilities in Jinan City was 394.46 min/d, including 378.00 min/d on weekdays(Monday to Friday) and 388.80 min/d on weekends (Saturday and Sunday), the difference was statistically significant ( Z =-2.19, P <0.05). 80.4%(229) of children and adolescents with intellectual disabilities had sedentary behavior time of more than 2 h/d. The sedentary behavior time per day during the whole week among children and adolescents with intellectual disabilities was negatively correlated with the amount of time spent in moderate vigorous physical activity among them ( r =-0.16, P <0.05). Conclusion Excessive sedentary behavior has become a growing public health concern among children and adolescents with intellectual disabilities,which warrants targeted healthy behavior intervention.

Objective:To understand the level of iodine nutrition in the areas with iodine deficiency and high iodine in Anyang City of Henan Province, and to provide a basis for taking targeted prevention and treatment measures and scientific adjustment of intervention strategies.Methods:In 2019, three areas with iodine deficiency (median iodine in water < 10 μg/L) and three areas with high water iodine (median iodine in water > 100 μg/L) were selected from counties (cities and districts) in Anyang City by stratified random sampling. Children aged 8-10 and pregnant women were selected in areas with high iodine and areas with iodine deficiency, respectively. Urine samples and salt samples were collected and tested, and children's thyroids were examined by B-mode ultrasound.Results:A total of 654 salt samples were collected in iodine deficiency areas, among which non-iodized salt accounted for 1.83% (12/654). A total of 628 salt samples were collected from areas with high iodine, among which non-iodized salt accounted for 6.05% (38/628). The difference in non-iodized salt rate between the two areas was statistically significant (χ 2=15.19, P < 0.05). A total of 654 urine samples were collected from children in iodine deficiency areas, with a median of 211.15 μg/L of urinary iodine, and 628 urine samples were collected from high iodine areas, with a median of 390.50 μg/L of urinary iodine. The difference was statistically significant ( U=- 18.34, P < 0.05). A total of 300 urine samples were collected from pregnant women in iodine deficiency areas, with a median of 223.95 μg/L, and 127 urine samples were collected from pregnant women in high iodine areas, with a median of 258.00 μg/L. The difference was statistically significant ( U=- 4.07, P < 0.05). The thyroid volume of 560 children in the iodine deficient areas was detected, and the swelling rate was 1.43% (8/560). The thyroid volume of 628 children in high iodine areas was detected, and the swelling rate was 2.07% (13/628). Conclusion:The iodine nutrition level of the population in the iodine deficiency areas of Anyang City is appropriate, while the iodine nutrition level of the population in the water source high iodine areas is excessive.

Objective:To understand the iodine content of drinking water and iodine nutrition of key population in Anyang City, Henan Province, and to provide a basis for taking targeted prevention and control measures and scientific adjustment of intervention strategies.Methods:In 2019, stratified sampling method was used to carry out water iodine survey in all townships in Anyang City, and in townships with the median water iodine > 10 μg/L, water iodine survey was carried out in administrative villages, and water iodine content was detected. Two hundred children aged 8 - 10 years and 100 pregnant women were selected from each county (city, district) to test iodine contents of their household salt and urine, respectively.Results:Six hundred and eight water samples were collected in Anyang City, and the median water iodine was 5.98 μg/L. One thousand one hundred and fifty-six samples were collected, and the median water iodine was 34.10 μg/L. A total of 1 605 salt samples were collected in the city, and the median salt iodine was 24.30 mg/kg, the coverage rate of iodized salt was 91.8% (1 473/ 1 605). A total of 1 605 urine samples were collected from children in the city, and the median urinary iodine was 170.10 μg/L. Urine samples of 804 pregnant women were collected, and the median urinary iodine was 190.00 μg/L.Conclusion:Most areas of Anyang City still belong to iodine deficiency area, and the median urinary iodine of children and pregnant women is within the suitable range of iodine.

Objective To investigate the iodine nutritional status of rural residents in Anyang City of Henan Province,and to provide theoretical basis for making policy adjustment on iodine supplement. Methods In 2015, Tangyin County and Anyang County were chosen from Anyang City, one township was selected from each county based on five orientations of east, west, south, north and centre, four villages were chosen from each township,15 households were taken from each village, and kitchen salt samples were collected to detect salt iodine;tap water samples were collected to detect water iodine.In the selected county,one medical institution was selected, 100 women of childbearing age,pregnant women,lactating women and infants aged 0-2 years old were selected to detect urinary iodine; one primary school was selected in the selected township, and 20 children aged 8 - 10 years old were selected to detect urinary iodine. Salt iodine was determined using direct titration (GB/T 13025.7-1999);urinary iodine and water iodine were determined using arsenic cerium catalytic spectrophotometry(WS/T 107-2006). Results A total of 600 salt samples were collected, half from Anyang County and half from Tangyin County, the medians of salt iodine were 27.59,29.15 mg/kg,respectively,the difference was statistically significant(Z = - 4.92, P <0.05).A total of 47 water samples were collected,21 from Anyang County and 26 from Tangyin County,the medians of water iodine were 9.44,5.37 μg/L,respectively,the difference was not statistically significant(Z=-0.30, P > 0.05). A total of 985 key people were surveyed, children, women of childbearing age, pregnant women, lactating women and infants were 200, 205, 197, 187, 196, respectively, the medians of urinary iodine were 253.05, 249.80, 177.10, 266.40, 247.85 μg/L, respectively, the differences were statistically significant (χ2=29.76, P < 0.05). Urinary iodine levels of childbearing age women (226.60,313.85 μg/L),lactating women(230.85,286.20 μg/L) and infants (222.35, 275.35 μg/L) were compared between Anyang County and Tangyin County, the differences were statistically significant (Z=3.33,2.21,3.13,P<0.05).Conclusion The iodine nutritional status of rural residents in Anyang City is basically good,but the urinary iodine levels of general population are high.

Objective To understand the situation of iodine of Taishan nuclear power station employees,and assess the relationships between iodine nutrition and thyroid nodule of Taishan nuclear power station in Taishan,Guangdong.Methods Totally 300 people were selected from of Taishan nuclear power station through stratifiedrandom sampling method,random urine samples were collected and urinary iodine level was tested in 2014.According to 20 to 29 years old,30 to 39 years old,40 to 59 years old,3 age groups were sampled,and each age group was 100 people.Drinking water and edible salt samples of the of nuclear power station were collected and iodine level was tested.Daily dietary intake of the staff was investigated,and daily iodine intake was calculated.Result of thyroid B ultrasonic of the employees (1 091) were studied,and detection rate of thyroid nodule was calculated.Results Totally 308 urine samples were tested,and the median urinary iodine was 193 μg/L.The difference of urinary iodine between 20-year-old group (201 μg/L) and 30-year-old group (165 μg/L) was statistically significant (P ＜ 0.05).A total of 9 iodized salt samples were collected,with an average iodine value of (24.4 ± 0.5)mg/kg.A total of 9 water samples were collected,the median of water iodine was 20.5 μg/L in 3 centralized water supply samples.The daily iodine intake per capita of the staff was 274.0 μg/d,the highest contribution among all the varieties of food was iodized salt,the second was seafood,which were 45.26 percent and 41.86 percent,respectively.A total of 99 thyroid nodules and suspicious nodules were detected in 1 091,and the prevalence was 9.07 percent (99/1 091).The prevalence of people aged 40-59 [15.6％ (22/141)] was significantly higher than those of people aged 20 to 29 [8.1％ (51/633)] and aged 30 to 39 [8.2％ (26/317)],and the differences were statistically significant (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions The iodine nutrition of Taishan nuclear power station employees is appropriate as a whole.The detection rate of thyroid nodules is higher in people aged 40 to 59.

Objective To investigate the consensus and controversies on the delineation of radiotherapy target volume for patients with locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer (LA-NSCLC).Methods Questionnaires including 15 questions on the delineation of radiotherapy target volume of NSCLC were sent to 12 radiation departments in China in November 2015.A patient with LA-NSCLC was selected by Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, and simulation CT images and medical history data were sent to the 12 radiation departments.Twelve radiation oncologists from the 12 radiation departments showed and explained the delineation of radiotherapy target volume of their own, and the patient was discussed by all experts in the sixth multidisciplinary summit forum of precise radiotherapy and chemotherapy for tumor and lung cancer.Results All receivers of the questionnaire answered the questions.The standard lung window width/level for the delineation of lung cancer was 800-1600/-600 to-750 HU, and the mediastinum window was 350-400/20-40 HU.Respiratory movement was measured by stimulator, 4D-CT, and stimulator+4D-CT with 2-5 mm expansion based on experience.The primary clinical target volume (CTV) was defined as gross target volume (GTV) plus 5-6 mm for squamous carcinoma/5-8 mm for adenocarcinoma.The metastatic lesion of mediastinal lymph nodes was delineated as 5 mm plus primary lesion in 6 departments and as primary lesion in another 6 departments.Of the 12 departments, 10 applied 5 mm of set-up error, 1 applied 3 mm, and 1 applied 4-6 mm.For V20 of the lungs, 10 departments defined it as<30%, 1 as<35%, and 1 as 28%.Nine departments defined the radiation dose of concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) for LA-NSCLC as 60 Gy in 30 fractions, 62.7 Gy in 33 fractions in 1 department, 50-60 Gy in 25-30 fractions in 1 department, and 60-70 Gy in 25-30 fractions in 1 department.For the delineation of target volume for the LA-NSCLC patient treated with CCRT, the primary planning target volume (PTV) was defined as GTV plus organ movement (IGTV) and set-up error (GTV→IGTV→PTV) in 3 departments, as CTV plus organ movement (ITV) and set-up error (GTV→CTV→ITV→PTV) in 8 departments, and as CTV plus set-up error/IGTV plus 5-6 mm for squamous carcinoma/5-8 mm for adenocarcinoma (CTV) and set-up error (GTV→CTV→PTV/GTV→IGTV→CTV→PTV) in 1 department.For the delineation of PTV in the mediastinal lymph node, GTV→IGTV→PTV was performed in 3 departments, GTV→CTV→ITV→PTV in 8 departments, and GTV→CTV→PTV in 1 department.For 10%-100% patients with LA-NSCLC, the radiation field needed to be replanned when 38-50 Gy was completed.There was no unified standard for the optimal standardized uptake value (SUV) of positron emission tomography (PET)-computed tomography (CT) simulation and delineation.Seven departments had applied magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) simulation and 10 departments had applied stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) for the treatment of early-stage NSCLC.For the delineation of PTV for early-stage NSCLC (T1-2N0M0), GTV→IGTV→PTV was performed in 5 departments, IGTV→PTV in 3 departments, and GTV→CTV→ITV→PTV in 2 departments.In all the 12 departments, peripheral early-stage NSCLC was given 6.0-12.5 Gy/fraction, 3-12 fractions and central early-stage NSCLC was given 4.6-10.0 Gy/fraction, 5-10 fractions.The results of discussion on the delineation of target volume for the patient were as follows:respiratory movements should be measured by 4D-CT or simulator;the lung window width/level is 1600/-600 HU and the mediastinal window width/level is 400/20 HU;the primary controversy is whether the involved-field irradiation or elective nodal irradiation should be used for the delineation of CTVnd in the mediastinal lymph node.Conclusions Basic consensus is reached for the delineation of target volume in LANSCLC in these aspects:lung window width/level, respiratory movements and set-up error, primary lesion delineation, the radiation dose in CCRT, and the optimal time for replanning the radiation field.There are controversies on the optimal SUV in the delineation of target volume based on PET-CT simulation, the optimal dose fractionation in SBRT for early-stage NSCLC, and the delineation of CTVnd.

BACKGROUND:At present, mouse embryonic neural stem cells (NSCs) culture has been skillfully operated by many labs, but there are differences existing about which part are dissociated to get NSCs. Embryonic 14 days (E14) mouse brain tissues are widely used for culturing NSCs, but there are less studies about the detailed percentage and difference of NSCs separated from different brain tissues. OBJECTIVE: To test the proportion and difference of NSCs and neurons percentage from E14 mouse whole brain, cortex and forebrain, providing quantized data for optimizing the isolation of high-purity NSCs. METHODS:E14 C57BL/6 mouse whole brain, cortex and forebrain tissues were separated and dissociated into single cells that were adherently cultured for 3.0-4.0 hours and labeled by DAPI. Then the cells were immunostained with NSCs specific marker, Nestin, and neuron specific marker, Tuj1, to identify NSCs and neurons percentage by calculating Nestin+/DAPI and Tuj1+/DAPI. In addition, real-time PCR assay was used to test Nestin and Tuj1 mRNA expression in the E14 mouse whole brain, cortex and forebrain. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Immunocytochemical results showed that there were a large amount of Nestin+ and Tuj1+ cells in the whole brain, cortex and forebrain of E14 mice. NSCs percentage in the forebrain was obviously higher than that in the whole brain (P < 0.01) and cortex (P < 0.05), while the percentage of neurons in the forebrain was significantly lower than that in the whole brain (P < 0.05) and in the cortex (P < 0.001). (2) Real-time PCR results showed that the Nestin mRNA expression in the forebrain was significantly higher than that in the whole brain (P < 0.05) and slightly higher than that in the cortex (P > 0.05); the Tuj1 mRNA expression in the forebrain was significantly lower than that in the whole brain (P < 0.05) and in the cortex (P < 0.05). These findings indicated that the forebrain had the most NSCs and the least neurons compared with the whole brain and the cortex. In summary, E14 mouse forebrain has the highest percentage of NSCs compared with the whole brain and cortex, which is a better source to obtain NSCs for the following cell culture experiments.