Ferroptosis is a new programmed cell death dependent on iron ions.Ferroptosis can be induced by endogenous or exogenous pathways,and cells exhibit specific cell morphological signs and are regulated by a variety of molecular mechanisms.In recent years,more and more studies have shown that ferroptosis plays an important role in the treatment of cancer.This article summarizes the mechanism of ferroptosis in bladder cancer and the regulation of cancer cells,as well as the role of ferroptosis-related factors,non-coding RNA regulation,N6-methyladenosine(m6A),amino acid metabolism and autophagy dependent ferroptosis in the growth and proliferation of bladder cancer,with a view to provide new strategies for the treatment of bladder cancer.

Objective:To explore the method of fertility preservation in severe β-thalassemia prepubertal boys who cannot produce sperm before gonadotoxicity therapy.Methods:Three cases of severe β-thalassemia patients who were going to undergo hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) were reported. They were received testis cryopreservation by slow-rate freezing. The necessity of fertility preservation in prepubertal boys and the methods of fertility persevation, testicular cryopreservation and the downstream techniques were stated.Results:Totally 31, 31, 20 pieces of testicular tissue were frozen by slow-rate freezing in three boys respectively and the freezing process went smoothly.Conclusion:The cryopreservation of testicular tissue can preserve the fertility of severe β-thalassemia prepuberty boys who will receive HSCT, leaving hope for offspring.

Objective:To explore the method of fertility preservation in severe β-thalassemia prepubertal boys who cannot produce sperm before gonadotoxicity therapy.Methods:Three cases of severe β-thalassemia patients who were going to undergo hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) were reported. They were received testis cryopreservation by slow-rate freezing. The necessity of fertility preservation in prepubertal boys and the methods of fertility persevation, testicular cryopreservation and the downstream techniques were stated.Results:Totally 31, 31, 20 pieces of testicular tissue were frozen by slow-rate freezing in three boys respectively and the freezing process went smoothly.Conclusion:The cryopreservation of testicular tissue can preserve the fertility of severe β-thalassemia prepuberty boys who will receive HSCT, leaving hope for offspring.

Objective:To investigate the value of anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) determination for estimating the sperm retrieval rate (SRR) of microdissection testicular sperm extraction (micro-TESE) in non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA) patients.Methods:This was a retrospective case-control study. Totally 502 NOA patients treated with micro-TESE in Reproductive Medicine Research Centre, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University from September 2014 to May 2022 were involved in the investigation. Patients were divided into different groups according to their surgery outcome and seminiferous tubules appearance. Age, testis volume, serum AMH, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), testosterone level were compared between the different groups. According to the cause of NOA, they were divided into orchitis group (idiopathic or parotid), AZFc gene deletion group, cryptorchidism descending fixation group, Klinefelter's syndrome (KS) group and idiopathic NOA group. The differences of SRR and AMH level in NOA patients with different etiologies were compared.Results:Testicular sperms were successfully retrieved in 270 cases (SRR=53.8%). There were no statistical differences in age, testicular volume, FSH and testosterone levels between the patients who succeeded or failed to obtain sperm (all P>0.05). The patients who obtained sperms had lower serum AMH level than those without sperm [0.81(0.16, 3.26) μg/L vs. 1.37(0.21, 4.84) μg/L, P<0.001]. Patients with orchitis or AZFc deletion, cryptorchidism, KS, idiopathic azoospermia have different AMH levels [(0.15(0.01,0.41) μg/L, 5.71(3.57,8.26) μg/L, 2.29(1.36,3.81) μg/L, 0.15(0.05,0.39) μg/L, 2.46(0.75,5.49) μg/L, P<0.001]. Idiopathic azoospermia patients who obtained sperms also had lower testosterone and AMH levels but higher age than those without sperm [(35.2±8.9) years vs. (32.5±5.5) years, P=0.010; (3.1±1.4) μg/L vs. (3.7±2.1) μg/L, P=0.029; 1.63(0.35,3.84) μg/L vs. 3.00(1.20,6.68) μg/L, P=0.001]. There were no statistical differences in testicular volume and FSH level between the two groups (all P>0.05). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve showed that cut-off of serum AMH for successful sperm retrieval of idiopathic azoospermia patients was determined to be 2.96, with a sensitivity of 0.710 and specificity of 0.523, area under the curve (AUC) was 0.649. In the cases presenting heterogeneous seminiferous tubules during micro-TESE had lower AMH level and higher SRR than those presenting homogeneous seminiferous tubules [0.55(0.12, 2.05) μg/L vs. 2.99(0.76, 6.11) μg/L, P<0.001; 75.9% (236/311) vs. 17.8% (34/191), P<0.001]. Conclusion:NOA patients with low AMH level would have more opportunity to present heterogeneous seminiferous tubules when micro-TESE was performed and had higher SRR, especially in the idiopathic NOA cases.

Objective:To investigate the value of anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) determination for estimating the sperm retrieval rate (SRR) of microdissection testicular sperm extraction (micro-TESE) in non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA) patients.Methods:This was a retrospective case-control study. Totally 502 NOA patients treated with micro-TESE in Reproductive Medicine Research Centre, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University from September 2014 to May 2022 were involved in the investigation. Patients were divided into different groups according to their surgery outcome and seminiferous tubules appearance. Age, testis volume, serum AMH, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), testosterone level were compared between the different groups. According to the cause of NOA, they were divided into orchitis group (idiopathic or parotid), AZFc gene deletion group, cryptorchidism descending fixation group, Klinefelter's syndrome (KS) group and idiopathic NOA group. The differences of SRR and AMH level in NOA patients with different etiologies were compared.Results:Testicular sperms were successfully retrieved in 270 cases (SRR=53.8%). There were no statistical differences in age, testicular volume, FSH and testosterone levels between the patients who succeeded or failed to obtain sperm (all P>0.05). The patients who obtained sperms had lower serum AMH level than those without sperm [0.81(0.16, 3.26) μg/L vs. 1.37(0.21, 4.84) μg/L, P<0.001]. Patients with orchitis or AZFc deletion, cryptorchidism, KS, idiopathic azoospermia have different AMH levels [(0.15(0.01,0.41) μg/L, 5.71(3.57,8.26) μg/L, 2.29(1.36,3.81) μg/L, 0.15(0.05,0.39) μg/L, 2.46(0.75,5.49) μg/L, P<0.001]. Idiopathic azoospermia patients who obtained sperms also had lower testosterone and AMH levels but higher age than those without sperm [(35.2±8.9) years vs. (32.5±5.5) years, P=0.010; (3.1±1.4) μg/L vs. (3.7±2.1) μg/L, P=0.029; 1.63(0.35,3.84) μg/L vs. 3.00(1.20,6.68) μg/L, P=0.001]. There were no statistical differences in testicular volume and FSH level between the two groups (all P>0.05). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve showed that cut-off of serum AMH for successful sperm retrieval of idiopathic azoospermia patients was determined to be 2.96, with a sensitivity of 0.710 and specificity of 0.523, area under the curve (AUC) was 0.649. In the cases presenting heterogeneous seminiferous tubules during micro-TESE had lower AMH level and higher SRR than those presenting homogeneous seminiferous tubules [0.55(0.12, 2.05) μg/L vs. 2.99(0.76, 6.11) μg/L, P<0.001; 75.9% (236/311) vs. 17.8% (34/191), P<0.001]. Conclusion:NOA patients with low AMH level would have more opportunity to present heterogeneous seminiferous tubules when micro-TESE was performed and had higher SRR, especially in the idiopathic NOA cases.