Objective:To help flying personnel prevent flight fatigue risk and ensure flight safety by investigating the fatigue and countermeasures of flying personnel during long-haul flight.Methods:Air Force flying personnel were randomly selected from a cluster. They were divided into 21-30, 31-40 and 41-50 years group according to age. According to the post, they were divided into fighter pilots, bomber pilots, air navigation commander/air communication controller/aerial machinist and other groups. The self-made "questionnaire of aeromedical support to long-haul flight safety" was used to collect the fatigue condition and countermeasures of flying personnel in long-haul flight for the comparison among age and post groups.Results:Out of 156 questionnaires, 150 were valid, with a response rate of 96.2%. For the comparisons among age groups, the significant differences were observed in 3 fatigue symptoms such as drowsiness/sleepiness, discomfort on neck, waist, and shoulders, and degraded reaction ( χ2=12.62, 11.77, 12.23, P=0.002, 0.003, 0.002), 2 fatigue countermeasures such as talking with teammates and engaging in physical activity ( χ2=6.37, 16.70, P=0.041,<0.001), and 4 measures of maintaining flight ability such as sleep management, comprehensive physical training, functional food intake and simulation training ( χ2=8.81, 11.48, 9.59, 7.32, P=0.012, 0.003, 0.008, 0.026). For the comparisons among post groups, the significant differences were observed in 3 fatigue symptoms as visual fatigue, drowsiness/sleepiness, and discomfort on neck, waist, and shoulders ( χ2=10.39, 17.89, 8.42, P=0.016, 0.001, 0.038), as well as in fatigue countermeasures chosen like taking in water or food ( χ2=19.06, P<0.001) and in improving flight ability chosen like relieving eye fatigue ( χ2=12.09, P=0.007). Conclusions:The age and post factors influence the fatigue conditions and countermeasures chosen in the flying personnel during long-haul flight. The targeted and comprehensive interventions are suggested.

Objective:To help flying personnel prevent flight fatigue risk and ensure flight safety by investigating the fatigue and countermeasures of flying personnel during long-haul flight.Methods:Air Force flying personnel were randomly selected from a cluster. They were divided into 21-30, 31-40 and 41-50 years group according to age. According to the post, they were divided into fighter pilots, bomber pilots, air navigation commander/air communication controller/aerial machinist and other groups. The self-made "questionnaire of aeromedical support to long-haul flight safety" was used to collect the fatigue condition and countermeasures of flying personnel in long-haul flight for the comparison among age and post groups.Results:Out of 156 questionnaires, 150 were valid, with a response rate of 96.2%. For the comparisons among age groups, the significant differences were observed in 3 fatigue symptoms such as drowsiness/sleepiness, discomfort on neck, waist, and shoulders, and degraded reaction ( χ2=12.62, 11.77, 12.23, P=0.002, 0.003, 0.002), 2 fatigue countermeasures such as talking with teammates and engaging in physical activity ( χ2=6.37, 16.70, P=0.041,<0.001), and 4 measures of maintaining flight ability such as sleep management, comprehensive physical training, functional food intake and simulation training ( χ2=8.81, 11.48, 9.59, 7.32, P=0.012, 0.003, 0.008, 0.026). For the comparisons among post groups, the significant differences were observed in 3 fatigue symptoms as visual fatigue, drowsiness/sleepiness, and discomfort on neck, waist, and shoulders ( χ2=10.39, 17.89, 8.42, P=0.016, 0.001, 0.038), as well as in fatigue countermeasures chosen like taking in water or food ( χ2=19.06, P<0.001) and in improving flight ability chosen like relieving eye fatigue ( χ2=12.09, P=0.007). Conclusions:The age and post factors influence the fatigue conditions and countermeasures chosen in the flying personnel during long-haul flight. The targeted and comprehensive interventions are suggested.

Cyclic adenosine monophosphate(cAMP)is a “second messenger” that regulates cell signal transduction. Adenylyl cyclases(ACs)and phosphodiesterases(PDEs)can directly regulate cAMP level in cells and then regulate the downstream signaling pathways. Increasing intracellular cAMP level can inhibit inflammation and enhance smooth muscle relaxation, which is an effective strategy for the prevention and treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD). This paper briefly summarizes the signaling pathways regulating cAMP and their mechanisms and related drugs in COPD therapy, hoping to provide references for further research and development of new target drugs which regulate cAMP for the prevention and treatment of COPD.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the protective effect of fucoxanthin (FX) against diabetic cardiomyopathy and explore the underlying mechanism. METHODS: Rat models of diabetes mellitus (DM) induced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (60 mg/kg) were randomized into DM model group, fucoxanthin treatment (DM+FX) group and metformin treatment (DM+ Met) group, and normal rats with normal feeding served as the control group. In the two treatment groups, fucoxanthin and metformin were administered after modeling by gavage at the daily dose of 200 mg/kg and 230 mg/kg, respectively for 12 weeks, and the rats in the DM model group were given saline only. HE staining was used to examine the area of cardiac myocyte hypertrophy in each group. The expression levels of fibrotic proteins TGF-β1 and FN proteins in rat hearts were detected with Western blotting. In the cell experiment, the effect of 1 μmol/L FX on H9C2 cell hypertrophy induced by exposure to high glucose (HG, 45 mmol/L) was evaluated using FITC-labeled phalloidin. The mRNA expression levels of the hypertrophic factors ANP, BNP and β-MHC in H9C2 cells were detected using qRT-PCR. The protein expressions of Nrf2, Keap1, HO-1 and SOD1 proteins in rat heart tissues and H9C2 cells were determined using Western blotting. The DCFH-DA probe was used to detect the intracellular production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). RESULTS: In the diabetic rats, fucoxanthin treatment obviously alleviated cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and myocardial fibrosis, increased the protein expressions of Nrf2 and HO-1, and decreased the protein expressions of Keap1 in the heart tissue (P < 0.05). In H9C2 cells with HG exposure, fucoxanthin significantly inhibited the enlargement of cell surface area, lowered the mRNA expression levels of ANP, BNP and β-MHC (P < 0.05), promoted Nrf2 translocation from the cytoplasm to the nucleus, and up-regulated the protein expressions its downstream targets SOD1 and HO-1 (P < 0.05) to enhance cellular antioxidant capacity and reduce intracellular ROS production. CONCLUSION Fucoxanthin possesses strong inhibitory activities against diabetic cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and myocardial fibrosis and is capable of up-regulating Nrf2 signaling to promote the expression of its downstream antioxidant proteins SOD1 and HO-1 to reduce the level of ROS.
Animals ; Antioxidants/metabolism* ; Atrial Natriuretic Factor/pharmacology* ; Cardiomegaly ; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/metabolism* ; Fibrosis ; Kelch-Like ECH-Associated Protein 1/metabolism* ; Metformin ; NF-E2-Related Factor 2/metabolism* ; Oxidative Stress ; RNA, Messenger/metabolism* ; Rats ; Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism* ; Superoxide Dismutase-1/pharmacology* ; Xanthophylls

Objective:To explore cough cases recorded in ancient traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) books based on the Rules of Latent Structure Differentiation. Method:The 9 323 cough cases in the database of ancient TCM books and pulmonary diseases were extracted. At first, Lantern 5.0 software was used to construct the top 120 TCM hidden structure model with the frequency>100. Then, the obtained hidden variables were comprehensively clustered and interpreted. Result:The 46 hidden variables and 114 hidden classes were obtained through the modeling of 120 traditional Chinese medicines. According to the bayesian information measure (BIC) score, the model score was -161 242.92. The model diagram was formed with Y0, Y5, Y7, Y13, Y35 and Y38 as the cores, and Y36, Y38, Y24, Y19 and Y17 involved 4 hidden classes. Ten comprehensive clustering models were summarized according to the hidden structure flow chart, among which the highest score of Z5 external cold and internal decoction syndrome was 8.4, indicating that the result of syndrome differentiation rules of Z5 had a high degree of support, and the highest mutual information degree and information coverage of Pinellia sinensis were 0.31 and 63%. Z2 had a low score for the syndrome of deficiency of lung qi and Yin, which was -2， and Schisandra had the lowest score of -15, indicating that the syndrome differentiation rules of Z2 was less supportive. Forsythia and Notopterygium both had the highest score of Z6 wind-heat attack lung syndrome and Z10 phlegm and blood-stasis pulmonary syndrome, which was 19.1, indicating that these two TCMs had a great contribution to it. According to the test, the common syndromes of cough were cold and dryness attacking the lung, kidney-Yin deficiency, kidney-Yin deficiency of the lung, cold and internal decoction, wind heat invading the lung, liver fire invading the lung, lung heat burning, phlegm-dampness blocking the lung, phlegm-stasis blocking the lung. The newly discovered cough syndromes were external cold and internal rheum syndrome and phlegm-stasis blocking the lung syndrome. Conclusion:Based on the syndrome differentiation rules of hidden structure, the improved classification of cough syndromes provides ideas for the demonstration of tacit knowledge of TCM and methodological reference for the improvement of syndromes of other diseases, and is conducive to the development of valuable new prescriptions.