According to the Qi-blood-body fluid theory and the association between the spleen in visceral manifestation theory of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） and mitochondria in modern cellular biology， it is proposed that the role of the spleen in generating and transforming Qi and blood is analogous to the energy-producing function of mitochondria—both serving as fundamental power sources for vital activities of the human body. The spleen governs transportation and transformation， playing a critical role in energy metabolism and the digestion and absorption of nutrients. Similarly， mitochondria are vital for maintaining physiological functions such as cellular energy supply， cell survival， and overall human metabolism. Furthermore， spleen deficiency is closely linked to mitochondrial dysfunction. Accordingly， mitochondrial energy conversion and substance metabolism are regarded as the microscopic essence of the spleen's function in transportation and transformation. Spleen deficiency and mitochondrial dysfunction contribute to the formation of pathological products such as phlegm-turbidity and blood stasis. This aligns with the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease （COPD）， with Qi deficiency as the root cause and phlegm-turbidity and blood stasis as the manifestations. Therefore， the integrative treatment of COPD should follow the therapeutic principle of invigorating the spleen and reinforcing healthy Qi， while also resolving phlegm and removing blood stasis to address both root cause and manifestations. This approach can improve the mitochondrial function， regulate energy metabolism， and reduce oxidative stress levels to alleviate COPD symptoms， slow down disease progression， and improve prognosis. By integrating the holistic concept of TCM with molecular mechanisms of modern medicine， this paper explores the pathogenesis and therapeutic principles of COPD from the spleen-mitochondria correlation. It not only provides a new direction for the modern development of TCM and the integration of Chinese and Western medicine but also offers a theoretical foundation for the integrated treatment of chronic， complex age-related diseases.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease （COPD） is a chronic respiratory disease that poses a significant threat to global health， exhibiting high morbidity， disability and mortality rate， with its prevention and treatment situation becoming increasingly critical. The pathogenesis of COPD is complex， and the underlying cellular and molecular biological mechanisms remain incompletely elucidated. Programmed cell death （PCD） is the process wherein cells actively undergo demise to maintain internal environmental stability in response to certain signals or specific stimuli. Contemporary medical research indicates that the dysregulation of PCD patterns such as apoptosis， necroptosis， pyroptosis， autophagy， and ferroptosis is closely related to the onset and progression of COPD. Clarifying the molecular mechanisms of PCD in COPD may provide novel perspectives for in-depth understanding and prevention of the disease. Traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） is characterized by holistic regulation. In recent years， extensive research has been conducted in the TCM field focusing on modulating apoptosis， necroptosis， pyroptosis， autophagy， and ferroptosis for the treatment of COPD， yielding remarkable achievements. Therefore， this study systematically explored the molecular mechanism of PCD in COPD and reviewed the potential mechanisms and intervention status of TCM targeting PCD in COPD， aiming to provide insights and references for the clinical prevention， treatment and in-depth research of COPD.

According to the Qi-blood-body fluid theory and the association between the spleen in visceral manifestation theory of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） and mitochondria in modern cellular biology， it is proposed that the role of the spleen in generating and transforming Qi and blood is analogous to the energy-producing function of mitochondria—both serving as fundamental power sources for vital activities of the human body. The spleen governs transportation and transformation， playing a critical role in energy metabolism and the digestion and absorption of nutrients. Similarly， mitochondria are vital for maintaining physiological functions such as cellular energy supply， cell survival， and overall human metabolism. Furthermore， spleen deficiency is closely linked to mitochondrial dysfunction. Accordingly， mitochondrial energy conversion and substance metabolism are regarded as the microscopic essence of the spleen's function in transportation and transformation. Spleen deficiency and mitochondrial dysfunction contribute to the formation of pathological products such as phlegm-turbidity and blood stasis. This aligns with the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease （COPD）， with Qi deficiency as the root cause and phlegm-turbidity and blood stasis as the manifestations. Therefore， the integrative treatment of COPD should follow the therapeutic principle of invigorating the spleen and reinforcing healthy Qi， while also resolving phlegm and removing blood stasis to address both root cause and manifestations. This approach can improve the mitochondrial function， regulate energy metabolism， and reduce oxidative stress levels to alleviate COPD symptoms， slow down disease progression， and improve prognosis. By integrating the holistic concept of TCM with molecular mechanisms of modern medicine， this paper explores the pathogenesis and therapeutic principles of COPD from the spleen-mitochondria correlation. It not only provides a new direction for the modern development of TCM and the integration of Chinese and Western medicine but also offers a theoretical foundation for the integrated treatment of chronic， complex age-related diseases.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease （COPD） is a chronic respiratory disease that poses a significant threat to global health， exhibiting high morbidity， disability and mortality rate， with its prevention and treatment situation becoming increasingly critical. The pathogenesis of COPD is complex， and the underlying cellular and molecular biological mechanisms remain incompletely elucidated. Programmed cell death （PCD） is the process wherein cells actively undergo demise to maintain internal environmental stability in response to certain signals or specific stimuli. Contemporary medical research indicates that the dysregulation of PCD patterns such as apoptosis， necroptosis， pyroptosis， autophagy， and ferroptosis is closely related to the onset and progression of COPD. Clarifying the molecular mechanisms of PCD in COPD may provide novel perspectives for in-depth understanding and prevention of the disease. Traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） is characterized by holistic regulation. In recent years， extensive research has been conducted in the TCM field focusing on modulating apoptosis， necroptosis， pyroptosis， autophagy， and ferroptosis for the treatment of COPD， yielding remarkable achievements. Therefore， this study systematically explored the molecular mechanism of PCD in COPD and reviewed the potential mechanisms and intervention status of TCM targeting PCD in COPD， aiming to provide insights and references for the clinical prevention， treatment and in-depth research of COPD.

Viral pneumonia is an infectious disease caused by virus invading the lung parenchyma and interstitial tissue and causing lung inflammation， with the incidence rising year by year. Traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） can treat viral pneumonia in a multi-component， multi-target， and holistic manner by targeting the core pathogenesis of pneumonia caused by different respiratory viruses， demonstrating minimal side effects and significant advantages. According to the theory of healthy Qi and pathogenic Qi in TCM， the struggle between healthy Qi and pathogenic Qi and the imbalance between immunity and inflammation run through the entire process of viral pneumonia， and the immunity-inflammation status at different stages of the disease reflects different relationships between healthy Qi and pathogenic Qi. Immune dysfunction leads to the deficiency of healthy Qi， causing viral infections. The struggle between healthy Qi and pathogenic Qi causes immunity-inflammation imbalance， leading to the onset of viral pneumonia. Inflammatory damage causes persistent accumulation of phlegm and stasis， leading to the progression of viral pneumonia. The cytokine storm causes immunodepletion， leading to the excess of pathogenic Qi and diminution of healthy Qi and the deterioration of viral pneumonia. After the recovery from viral pneumonia， there is a long-term imbalance between immunity and micro-inflammation， which results in healthy Qi deficiency and pathogenic Qi lingering. Healthy Qi deficiency and pathogenic Qi excess act as common core causes of pneumonia caused by different respiratory viruses. Clinical treatment should emphasize both replenishing healthy Qi and eliminating pathogenic Qi， helping to restore the balance between healthy Qi and pathogenic Qi as well as between immunity and inflammation， thus promoting the recovery of patients from viral pneumonia. According to the TCM theory of healthy Qi and pathogenic Qi， this article summarizes the immunity-inflammation mechanisms at different stages of viral pneumonia， and explores the application of the method of replenishing healthy Qi and eliminating pathogenic Qi in viral pneumonia. The aim is to probe into the scientific connotation of the TCM theory of healthy Qi and pathogenic Qi in viral pneumonia and provide ideas for the clinical application of the method of replenishing healthy Qi and eliminating pathogenic Qi to assist in the treatment of viral pneumonia.

The principle of treating different diseases with the same therapy is the essence of syndrome differentiation and treatment in traditional Chinese medicine （TCM）. It means that when the same pathogenic changes or the same symptoms appear in the development of different diseases， the same principles or methods can be used for treatment. Due to the complexity and high variability of viral pathogenicity， the precise and effective treatment of different types of viral pneumonia （VP） has always been a research focus and difficulty in modern medicine. VP belongs to the category of external-contraction febrile disease， warm disease， and epidemic in TCM. Haoqin Qingdantang （HQQDD） is a representative formula for clearing heat and dispelling dampness in warm diseases， and its intervention in VP caused by various viral infections has significant effects. This study， guided by the theory of treating different diseases with the same therapy， links the related studies on using HQQDD to treat different types of VP and finds that influenza virus pneumonia （IVP）， severe acute respiratory syndrome （SARS）， and COVID-19 all have a common pathogenic mechanism of dampness-heat at different stages of respective diseases. When these diseases are dominated by damp-heat factors， the use of HQQDD yields remarkable therapeutic effects. Modern pharmacological studies have confirmed that HQQDD can inhibit virus replication， reduce fever reactions， inhibit the expression of inflammatory mediators， and regulate immune balance. Moreover， the sovereign medicine in this formula has excellent antiviral activity， and the formula reflects rich scientific connotations of treating VP. According to the theory of treating different diseases with the same therapy and based on the effective treatment practice and modern pharmacological research of HQQDD for different types of VP， this paper mines the underlying TCM theory of treatment with the same therapy， explores the syndrome differentiation and treatment strategy and effect mechanism of this formula for different types of VP， and analyzes the treatment mechanism and characteristics， with the aim of providing evidence and reference for the clinical application and modern research of HQQDD.

Pneumonia is an infectious disease with high morbidity and mortality worldwide， and its damage to the body is not limited to the acute phase. The theory of combination of pathogenic factors emphasizes that the combination of new pathogens and residual pathogens in the body leads to the occurrence of diseases， which generalizes the causes of recurrence during pneumonia recovery. During the recovery stage of pneumonia， pathological changes such as disturbance of immune homeostasis， persistent low-grade inflammation， and microvascular damage continue to affect the body function， impair the health and quality of life of patients， and increase the risk of secondary infection. According to the theory of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM）， pneumonia is caused by deficiency， and Qi deficiency and blood stasis is the core pathogenesis in the recovery stage. At this time， the body is not full of healthy qi and still has residual pathogens， and thus it is susceptible to external pathogenic factors that lead to disease recurrence. As an important part of the TCM philosophy of treating disease before its onset， prevention of recurrence after recovery emphasizes the need for aftercare in the recovery stage to prevent disease recurrence. Based on the pathogenesis theory of combination of pathogenic factors and the pathogenesis of Qi deficiency and blood stasis， this paper discusses the effect and connotation of TCM in regulating immune inflammation and microvascular damage in preventing recurrence of pneumonia during the recovery stage， aiming to develop new ideas for effective prevention and treatment of pneumonia at this stage.

Objective To evaluate the current situation of disease control in middle-aged and elderly patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and analyze the relationship with disease cognition. Methods Among the 360 middle-aged and elderly COPD patients diagnosed and treated in our hospital from January 2022 to June 2024 were retrospectively selected as research subjects, and the COPD Assessment Test Questionnaire (CAT), COPD Patient Knowledge Questionnaire (BCKQ) and the hampion Health Belief Model Scale were used to evaluate disease control, disease cognition and health beliefs in COPD patients. The Pearson chi-square test was used to analyze the relationship between disease control level and disease cognition and health beliefs in older patients with COPD. Results A total of 360 middle-aged and elderly COPD patients, 112 were in the complete control group, 189 were in the partial control group, and 59 were in the uncontrolled group, the disease control rate was 83.61%. The differences in disease cognitive scores, severity cognition, susceptibility cognition, disorder cognition, benefit cognition, health motivation, self-efficacy score and total health belief scores in middle-aged and elderly COPD patients with different disease control conditions are statistically significant. The scores of the complete control group were higher than those of partial control group and uncontrolled group, and the scores of partial control group were higher than those of the uncontrolled group (P <0.05). The disease control level of middle-aged and elderly patients with COPD is positively correlated with disease cognitive level and health belief in all dimensions. The higher the disease control level, the higher the disease cognitive level and health belief in the patient . Conclusions Middle-aged and elderly COPD patients still have insufficient awareness of the disease, and the level of disease control needs to be improved. There is a significant correlation between disease cognition, health beliefs and the level of disease control, and the improved cognitive level may help to improve the disease management and control effect. For middle-aged and elderly COPD patients, the community can provide health education courses, personalized health guidance and self-management training to enhance their awareness of diseases, so as to improve the long-term management of COPD and the quality of life of patients.

ObjectiveTo explore the protective effect of glucocorticoid-induced transcription factor 1 （GLCCI1） on cognitive dysfunction in diabetic mice and its mechanism. MethodsTwenty-four C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into 4 groups， namely Control， DM， DM+AAV-Glcci1， and DM+AAV-NC. The Control group was intraperitoneally injected with saline， while the other groups were all injected with streptozotocin （STZ）. Two weeks after successful modeling， the DM+AAV-Glcci1 group was brain stereotactic injected with Glcci1 overexpressing adeno-associated virus， and the DM+AAV-NC group was stereoscopically injected with the control virus. After 12 weeks， the Morris water maze test was used to evaluate the learning and memory abilities of mice in each group. Subsequently， the localized expression of GLCCI1 in the hippocampus were determined by immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry experiments. The myelin morphology in the hippocampus was observed by LFB staining， the neuronal morphology was observed by Nissl staining， and the myelin-related proteins MBP and CNPase were stained by immunohistochemistry. Molecular docking was used to predict the interaction between GLCCI1 and HSPA5. The expression of endoplasmic reticulum stress-related proteins was detected by Western blot. ResultsThe results of the behavioral experiment showed that compared with the mice in the Control group， DM mice exhibited obvious cognitive dysfunction behaviors （P＜0.000 1）， and the learning and memory abilities of mice improved after overexpression of Glcci1 （P=0.000 7）. The results of immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry showed that GLCCI1 was expressed in hippocampal neuron cells. Compared with Control mice， the expression level of GLCCI1 in DM mice was significantly downregulated （P＜0.000 1）. The molecular docking results revealed that GLCCI1 interacts with HSPA5. The Western blot results indicated that， compared with the Control group， the expression levels of endoplasmic reticulum stress-related proteins HSPA5 （P＜0.000 1）， ATF4 （P＜0.000 1）， ATF6 （P=0.001 1）， and p-ELF2α/elF2α （P=0.000 1） in the DM group were significantly increased； Compared with the DM group， the expression of the corresponding protein HSPA5 （P＜0.000 1）， ATF4 （P＜0.000 1）， ATF6 （P=0.000 2）， and p-ELF2α/elF2α （P=0.000 1） was significantly down-regulated after overexpression of Glcci1. LFB staining showed that compared with the Control group， the myelin integrity of DM mice decreased significantly （P=0.010 3）， the expressions of myelin-related proteins MBP and CNPase decreased significantly （P=0.000 4， P=0.000 2）， and Nissl staining observed disordered neuronal arrangement. Compared with the mice in the DM group， the myelin integrity in the hippocampal region significantly increased after overexpression of Glcci1 （P=0.000 3）， the expressions of myelin-related proteins MBP and CNPase significantly increased （P=0.001 4， P=0.000 1）， and the ordered arrangement of neurons was observed by Nissl staining. ConclusionThe down-regulation of GLCCI1 expression in hippocampal neurons promotes demyelination of hippocampal neurons and thereby induces diabetic cognitive dysfunction. The specific mechanism may be related to endoplasmic reticulum stress.

[摘 要] 目的：探讨溶酶体相关膜蛋白3（LAMP3）与转录激活因子4（ATF4）在宫颈癌中的表达及其与临床病理参数的相关性。方法：采用免疫组化SP法检测正常宫颈组织、宫颈上皮内病变组织及宫颈癌组织中LAMP3与ATF4的表达情况，分析两种蛋白与宫颈癌患者临床病理参数之间的关系，并且分析两种蛋白的相关性。结果：LAMP3在正常宫颈组及高级别鳞状上皮内病变组中均为阴性或低表达，在宫颈癌中高表达率为38.3%，差异有统计学意义（χ2 = 14.113，P = 0.001）。ATF4在正常宫颈组中高表达率为26.7%，在高级别鳞状上皮内病变组中高表达率为10.0%，在宫颈癌组中高表达率为58.3%，差异有统计学意义（χ2 = 11.078，P = 0.004）。LAMP3的表达与宫颈癌FIGO分期（χ2 = 10.139，P = 0.006）、淋巴结转移（χ2 = 8.475，P = 0.004）有关，差异均有统计学意义。ATF4的表达在宫颈癌病灶大小（χ2 = 4.578，P = 0.032）、FIGO分期（χ2 = 8.971，P = 0.009）、淋巴结转移（χ2 = 7.881，P = 0.005）等方面的差异均有统计学意义。LAMP3与ATF4在宫颈癌中的表达呈正相关（r = 0.388，P = 0.002）。结论：LAMP3与ATF4在宫颈癌组织中表达升高，两者的表达程度具有相关性，且在宫颈癌的发生发展中发挥重要的促进作用，有望成为宫颈癌治疗的潜在靶点。