Sesquiterpenes are natural terpenes containing 15 carbon atoms. They are widely used in the perfume, pharmaceutical, and biofuel industries due to their remarkable biological activities. The traditional production of sesquiterpenes relies on chemical synthesis or plant extraction, which has the disadvantages of low yields and waste of resources. The construction of microbial cell factories for the efficient synthesis of sesquiterpenes by means of synthetic biology provides a new option. In recent years, with the development of metabolic engineering and synthetic biology, the heterologous synthesis of a variety of sesquiterpenes has been successfully achieved by metabolic engineering of the oleaginous yeast, Yarrowia lipolytica. In this paper, we review the research progress in the heterologous synthesis of different sesquiterpenes by Y. lipolytica, discuss the synthetic biology strategies commonly used in this field, and make an outlook on the research directions and engineering approaches to further enhance the sesquiterpene yield in this host. This paper provides a reference for strategies such as synergistic optimization of synthetic biology and metabolic engineering, enhanced precursors, and opens up new directions for the application of synthetic biology in green chemistry and sustainable production.
Yarrowia/genetics* ; Sesquiterpenes/metabolism* ; Metabolic Engineering/methods* ; Synthetic Biology/methods*

Objective:To compare the dosimetric differences between active breathing coordinator (ABC) and Catalyst for respiratory gating after breast conserving surgery for left breast cancer.Methods:Data of 48 female patients with left breast cancer after breast conserving surgery admitted to the Radiotherapy Department of Shenzhen People′s Hospital from November 2020 to August 2021 were retrospectively selected. They were randomized to receive dynamic intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) plans with ABC or Catalyst. The dosimetric differences in targets and organs at risk between the two groups were analyzed.Results:Comparison of the two respiratory gating IMRT plans revealed no statistically significant differences ( P > 0.05) in D90%, D98%, Dmax, Dmean, conformity index (CI), homogeneity index (HI), and monitor unit parameters in the target volume, (i.e., chest wall), as well as the ipsilateral lung and heart under the deep inhalation breath hold (DIBH) mode. The Dmean, Dmax, and D2% of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) in the Catalyst group were better than those in the ABC group [(1 047.72 ± 1 401.84) vs. (454.48 ± 206.26), (1 619.28 ± 809.05) vs.(1 068.53 ± 419.63), (1 405.85 ± 798.30) vs. (1 016.54 ± 592.00) cGy], with statistically significant differences ( t= -2.07, -3.18, -2.07, P<0.05). Conclusions:Both ABC and Catalyst respiratory gating systems meet the requirements for clinical treatment, with the latter more effective in reducing the exposure dose of LAD.

It was believed that there were only two patterns of cell death named after necrosis and apoptosis in the past.With the progress of research,scholars have found that there also existed other cell death patterns.However,the mechanisms and relationships between cell death patterns are still unclear,especially in the neuronal cell death.This review focuses on the cell death patterns and their relationships during ischemic stroke,in order to provide the theoretical basis and new ideas for the further study of neuronal cell death,and for the treatment of ischemic stroke.

Marked by the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the CPC, Shanghai health care started a journey of reform and opening up as with other sectors. This essay reviews various stages Shanghai health care experienced and the achievements for the last 30 years since reform and opening up, and analyzes the challenges Shanghai health care faces currently. On this basis, the essay summaries the experiences and lessons learned from Shanghai health care reform and development.

Under the general requirements of China's national health reform, the basic framework of Shanghai's health reform was constructed at five different aspects the long term vision, goal, strategies, measures, supportive reform activities. The general thought of Shanghai's health reform can be concluded into two aspects: first, establishing a basic healthcare system of covering both urban and rural residents universally; second, enhancing the foundation of enabling sustainable health development.

To assess the roles of glutamate and its ionotropic receptor in processing noxious sensory input from dental pulp,glutamate NMDA receptor subtype antagonist,MK-801 and non-NMDA receptor subtype antagonist,CNQX were administrated separately into left lateral cerebral ventricle prior to exposing pulp cavity of left maxillary first molar tooth.The number of Fos-positive neurons in medulla oblongata was measured and compared with that of the group with simple exposure of dental after same survival time pulp.Fos protein expression was reduced dose-dependently by an administration of MK-801,but CNQX had little effect.The results showed that glutamate may be an excitatory transmitter of noxious dental pulp sensory input to neurons in medulla oblongata.In pain nodel of mechanical exposing dental pulp,NMDA receptor subtype has an important role in this process.