Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is a critical factor contributing to damage in multiple organs, involving complex mechanisms such as free radical production, intracellular calcium overload, and excessive activation of inflammatory responses. IRI leads to mitochondrial structural abnormalities and dysfunction, disrupting mitochondrial homeostasis. Mitophagy, a vital mitochondrial quality control mechanism, eliminates damaged mitochondria and reactive oxygen species, which plays a significant role in IRI by reducing the accumulation of harmful intracellular substances and maintaining mitochondrial and cellular homeostasis. This review aims to discuss the research progress of mitochondrial autophagy in organ IRI.

Liver diseases have a high prevalence rate worldwide with relatively poor long-term clinical outcomes and have become one of the leading causes of disease burden and death around the world,which poses significant challenges to public health.Eosinophils(Eos)are a class of highly conserved multifunctional immune cells that play critical effector roles in allergic diseases.In recent years,an increasing amount of evidence has shown that Eos plays an important role in the pathogenesis of liver diseases,exerting a protective or harmful effect in different liver diseases,which has become a research hotspot in this field.This article elaborates on the role and potential mechanism of action of Eos in liver diseases,in order to provide a new perspective for in-depth research on the pathogenesis of liver diseases and lay the foundation for developing therapeutic strategies targeting Eos.

Objective:To investigate the clinical value of laparoscopic evaluation of anato-mical position of inferior mesenteric artery (IMA), inferior mesenteric vein (IMV) and left colic artery (LCA).Methods:The prospective one-arm study was conducted. The clinical data of 229 pati-ents who underwent laparoscopic left hemicolectomy for left colon or laparoscopic radical resection of rectal cancer in The Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University from December 2022 to December 2023 were selected. The distance between the origin point of IMA and the origin point of the first branch (L1) as well as the distance from the origin point of LCA root to the junction of LCA and IMV (L2) were measured during the operation. IMA classification, the location relation-ship of LCA and IMV junction were recorded. Observation indicators: (1) situations of enrolled patients; (2) difference analysis between L1, L2 and clinical features; (3) distribution characteristics of the location relationship between LCA and IMV in different types of IMA. Mann-Whitney U test was used for comparison of measurement data with skewed distribution between groups, Kruskal-Wallis H test was used for comparison between multiple groups, and Dunn-Bonferroni test was used for pairwise comparison. Comparison of count data between groups was performed by chi-square test. Pearson or Spearman correlation analysis was conducted for correlation of continuous variables. Results:(1) Situations of enrolled patients. A total of 229 eligible patients were screened out, including 146 males and 83 females, aged 64(range, 55-71)years. The height of 229 patients was 168(range, 160-172)cm, the weight was 65.0(55.5,71.5)kg, the body surface area was (1.68±0.17)m 2, the tumor maximum diameter was 3.0(2.5,4.0)cm. The total number of lymph nodes dissected was 19(17,21), and the number of No.253 lymph node dissected was 4(3,5). The L1 was 3.50(1.20,8.00)cm, and the L2 was 2.20(0.50,7.30)cm. There were 58, 31, 32, 71, 22, 90, 26 and 212 patients with smoking, alcohol drinking, diabetes, hypertension, coronary heart disease, neoadjuvant chemo-therapy, neoadjuvant radiotherapy and preservation of the LCA, respectively. Among 229 patients, cases with BMI <18.5 kg/m 2, 18.5-23.9 kg/m 2 and >23.9 kg/m 2 were 11, 133 and 85, respectively. There were 153 cases in pathological stage Ⅰ-Ⅱ and 76 cases in stage Ⅲ. There were 168 cases of Dixon operation, 6 cases of Miles operation and 55 cases of sigmoid colon resection. There were 135 cases of IMA type 1, 44 cases of IMA type 2, 23 cases of IMA type 3, 2 cases of IMA type 4, and 25 cases of IMA type unable to judge. (2) Difference analysis between L1, L2 and clinical features.Correlation analysis showed negative correlation between the height, body surface area and L1 ( r=-0.17, -0.15, P<0.05). The L1 was 3.20(2.68,4.00)cm for male patients and 3.60(3.00,4.20)cm for female patients, respectively, showing a significant difference between the two groups ( Z=-2.37, P<0.05). The L1 of patients with IMA type 1, 2, and 3 was 3.20(2.80,4.00)cm, 3.85(3.00,4.48)cm, and 3.20(2.50,4.30)cm, respectively, showing a significant difference among them ( H=7.54, P<0.05). Further pairwise com-parison showed that there was a significant difference in L1 between patients with IMA type 2 and those with IMA type 1 ( P<0.05). The L2 of smokers and non-smokers were 2.50(1.95,3.20)cm and 2.20(1.60,2.80)cm, respectively, showing a significant difference between the two groups ( Z=-2.24, P<0.05). (3)Distribution characteristics of the location relationship between LCA and IMV in different types of IMA. There was no significant difference in LCA distribution between the anterior and posterior positions of IMV among the three IMA types (type 1, 2, 3) ( χ2=1.63, P>0.05). Conclusions:Patients with greater height have larger body surface area and shorter L1. L1 is significantly longer in female patients than in male patients. L1 is significantly longer in patients with IMA type 2 than in those with type 1. L2 is significantly longer in smokers than in non-smokers. There was no significant difference in the distribution location between LCA and IMV among patients of IMA type 1, 2 and 3.

Liver diseases have a high prevalence rate worldwide with relatively poor long-term clinical outcomes and have become one of the leading causes of disease burden and death around the world,which poses significant challenges to public health.Eosinophils(Eos)are a class of highly conserved multifunctional immune cells that play critical effector roles in allergic diseases.In recent years,an increasing amount of evidence has shown that Eos plays an important role in the pathogenesis of liver diseases,exerting a protective or harmful effect in different liver diseases,which has become a research hotspot in this field.This article elaborates on the role and potential mechanism of action of Eos in liver diseases,in order to provide a new perspective for in-depth research on the pathogenesis of liver diseases and lay the foundation for developing therapeutic strategies targeting Eos.

Objective:To investigate the clinical value of laparoscopic evaluation of anato-mical position of inferior mesenteric artery (IMA), inferior mesenteric vein (IMV) and left colic artery (LCA).Methods:The prospective one-arm study was conducted. The clinical data of 229 pati-ents who underwent laparoscopic left hemicolectomy for left colon or laparoscopic radical resection of rectal cancer in The Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University from December 2022 to December 2023 were selected. The distance between the origin point of IMA and the origin point of the first branch (L1) as well as the distance from the origin point of LCA root to the junction of LCA and IMV (L2) were measured during the operation. IMA classification, the location relation-ship of LCA and IMV junction were recorded. Observation indicators: (1) situations of enrolled patients; (2) difference analysis between L1, L2 and clinical features; (3) distribution characteristics of the location relationship between LCA and IMV in different types of IMA. Mann-Whitney U test was used for comparison of measurement data with skewed distribution between groups, Kruskal-Wallis H test was used for comparison between multiple groups, and Dunn-Bonferroni test was used for pairwise comparison. Comparison of count data between groups was performed by chi-square test. Pearson or Spearman correlation analysis was conducted for correlation of continuous variables. Results:(1) Situations of enrolled patients. A total of 229 eligible patients were screened out, including 146 males and 83 females, aged 64(range, 55-71)years. The height of 229 patients was 168(range, 160-172)cm, the weight was 65.0(55.5,71.5)kg, the body surface area was (1.68±0.17)m 2, the tumor maximum diameter was 3.0(2.5,4.0)cm. The total number of lymph nodes dissected was 19(17,21), and the number of No.253 lymph node dissected was 4(3,5). The L1 was 3.50(1.20,8.00)cm, and the L2 was 2.20(0.50,7.30)cm. There were 58, 31, 32, 71, 22, 90, 26 and 212 patients with smoking, alcohol drinking, diabetes, hypertension, coronary heart disease, neoadjuvant chemo-therapy, neoadjuvant radiotherapy and preservation of the LCA, respectively. Among 229 patients, cases with BMI <18.5 kg/m 2, 18.5-23.9 kg/m 2 and >23.9 kg/m 2 were 11, 133 and 85, respectively. There were 153 cases in pathological stage Ⅰ-Ⅱ and 76 cases in stage Ⅲ. There were 168 cases of Dixon operation, 6 cases of Miles operation and 55 cases of sigmoid colon resection. There were 135 cases of IMA type 1, 44 cases of IMA type 2, 23 cases of IMA type 3, 2 cases of IMA type 4, and 25 cases of IMA type unable to judge. (2) Difference analysis between L1, L2 and clinical features.Correlation analysis showed negative correlation between the height, body surface area and L1 ( r=-0.17, -0.15, P<0.05). The L1 was 3.20(2.68,4.00)cm for male patients and 3.60(3.00,4.20)cm for female patients, respectively, showing a significant difference between the two groups ( Z=-2.37, P<0.05). The L1 of patients with IMA type 1, 2, and 3 was 3.20(2.80,4.00)cm, 3.85(3.00,4.48)cm, and 3.20(2.50,4.30)cm, respectively, showing a significant difference among them ( H=7.54, P<0.05). Further pairwise com-parison showed that there was a significant difference in L1 between patients with IMA type 2 and those with IMA type 1 ( P<0.05). The L2 of smokers and non-smokers were 2.50(1.95,3.20)cm and 2.20(1.60,2.80)cm, respectively, showing a significant difference between the two groups ( Z=-2.24, P<0.05). (3)Distribution characteristics of the location relationship between LCA and IMV in different types of IMA. There was no significant difference in LCA distribution between the anterior and posterior positions of IMV among the three IMA types (type 1, 2, 3) ( χ2=1.63, P>0.05). Conclusions:Patients with greater height have larger body surface area and shorter L1. L1 is significantly longer in female patients than in male patients. L1 is significantly longer in patients with IMA type 2 than in those with type 1. L2 is significantly longer in smokers than in non-smokers. There was no significant difference in the distribution location between LCA and IMV among patients of IMA type 1, 2 and 3.

Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is a critical factor contributing to damage in multiple organs, involving complex mechanisms such as free radical production, intracellular calcium overload, and excessive activation of inflammatory responses. IRI leads to mitochondrial structural abnormalities and dysfunction, disrupting mitochondrial homeostasis. Mitophagy, a vital mitochondrial quality control mechanism, eliminates damaged mitochondria and reactive oxygen species, which plays a significant role in IRI by reducing the accumulation of harmful intracellular substances and maintaining mitochondrial and cellular homeostasis. This review aims to discuss the research progress of mitochondrial autophagy in organ IRI.

Objective:To establish a comprehensive and detailed evaluation index system for clinical practice bases of nursing graduate students majoring in midwifery, providing reference for promoting the construction of clinical practice bases for nursing graduate students majoring in midwifery in China.Methods:Based on the theoretical framework of international midwifery practice basic skills, an evaluation index system for clinical practice bases of nursing graduate students majoring in midwifery was established through literature analysis and Delphi method. Analytic hierarchy process was used to calculate the weights of indicators at all levels.Results:This study conducted two rounds of consultation with 20 experts. In the two rounds of consultation, the positivity coefficients of experts were 84.38% and 74.07%, and the authority coefficients of the expert groups were 0.91 and 0.94, respectively. The total Cronbach's α coefficients of the index system were 0.930 and 0.965, respectively, and the Kendall harmony coefficients of the overall indicators were 0.230 and 0.297 ( P<0.01). The final evaluation index system for clinical practice bases of nursing graduate students majoring in midwifery included five primary indicators, 14 secondary indicators, and 76 connotation indicators. Conclusions:Based on the service purpose of maternal and child health and the functional positioning of the base, this study constructs a scientific and reliable evaluation index system for clinical practice bases of nursing graduate students majoring in midwifery.

Objective: To investigate the potential relationship between sensory characteristics and gray matter volumes in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), to provide a basis for the diagnosis and treatment of children with ASD. Methods: A total of 40 ASD children who were treated or recovered in Xi an medical institutions and 16 typically developing (TD) children who were from several kindergatens in Xi an were invited for participation. Sensory characteristics were evaluated by the sensory processing and self regulation checklist, 3D structural brain images were obtained with TIWI, and gray matter volumes were analyzed by voxel based morphometry. Sensory characteristics and gray matter volumes were compared between groups and the relationship between sensory characteristics and different gray matter volumes were analyzed. Results: The scores of auditory, visual, tactile, sensory processing ability and sensory under responsivity in the ASD group were lower than those in the TD group ( Z/t =-2.63, -2.57 , -3.11, -2.19, -3.83, P <0.05). Gray matter volumes in nine brain regions increased in the ASD group compared to the TD group, including the left and right posterior inferior lobe, right parahippocamal gyrus, left insula, left media frontal gyrus, left superion occipital gyrus, right superion occipital gyrus, right superion parietal lobe, and right posterion central gyrus ( t =3.53, 3.69 , 3.37, 3.86, 3.61, 3.37, 4.04, 3.38, 3.16, P <0.01). In the ASD group, the scores of visual, vestibular, proprioceptive, sensory processing ability, sensory seeking behavior and sensory over responsivity were negatively correlated with gray matter volumes of left superior occipital gyrus ( r =-0.36, -0.40, -0.39, -0.36, -0.40, -0.36), and the scores of visual, vestibular, and sensory over responsivity were negatively correlated with gray matter volumes of the right superior parietal lobule ( r =-0.36, -0.50, -0.42)( P <0.05). Conclusion The presence of paresthesia in children with ASD is associated with gray matter volumes of the left superior occipital gyrus and right superior parietal lobule.

Objective:To investigate the efficacy and safety of radium-223 in combination with new-generation hormonal agents in patients with bone metastases of prostate cancer.Methods:The clinical data of 17 patients (12 from the First Affiliated Hospital of Airforce Military Medical University and 5 from Xi'an International Medical Center Hospital) with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer(mCRPC) treated by radium-223 combined with new-generation hormonal agents from January 2021 to June 2022 were retrospectively analyzed. In all cases, the average age was (73.3±8.5) years old. Before treatment, the median prostate-specific antigen (PSA) was 15.7 (3.2, 36.5) ng/ml, the median alkaline phosphatase (ALP) was 131.5 (79.0, 430.7) U/L. All patients had ≥ 2 bone metastases but no visceral or lymph node metastases. The median number of bone scan lesions was 10(8, 15). Bone pain symptom was present in 16(94.1%) patients. There were 9 cases (52.9%) with Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) score of ≥2, 1 case (5.9%) with ECOG score of 1 and 6 cases (35.2%) with ECOG score of 0. All patients were treated with radium-223 (55 kBq/kg, injected every 4 weeks for a maximum of 6 cycles), of which 5 patients were combined with enzalutamide, 8 patients combined with apatamide and 4 patients combined with bicalutamide. PSA response (PSA decreased by ≥30% from baseline and maintained for at least 1 month), ALP response (ALP decreased by ≥30% from baseline and maintained for at least 1 month) and pain relief rates were analyzed. Imaging evaluation was performed before and after treatment to calculate the objective response rate of metastases. The incidence of treatment-related adverse effects and skeletal related event (SRE) were also recorded.Results:Eleven patients completed 6 courses, 3 patients completed 5 courses and 3 patients completed ≥4 courses. The median ALP after 1 month of last treatment was 83.2 (51.5, 126.5) U/L, which was significantly decreased than baseline. 12 patients (70.6%) showed an ALP response and the other 5 (29.4%) showed varying degrees of ALP elevation. PSA response was observed in 4 patients (23.5%), of which 2 (11.8%) had a continuous decrease and 2 (11.8%) had a late-stage increase in PSA. Pain relief was relieved in 15 cases (88.2%) during treatment, 1 case (5.9%) had worsening pain due to disease progression and 1 case (5.9%) had no change during treatment. The ECOG score decreased in 15 (88.2%) patients. The median number of bone metastases in patients decreased to 5 (4, 9). One patient (5.9%) had complete remission during treatment, 11 patients (64.7%) had a partial response, 4 patients (23.5%) were stable, and 1 (5.9%) showed imaging progression after 4 months of treatment. The overall objective remission response rate was 70.5% (12/17). Treatment-related hematologic adverse effects included anemia (1 case, 5.9%, grade 3), thrombocytopenia (1 case, 5.9%, grade 3) and leukopenia (1 case, 5.9%, grade 2). Non-hematologic adverse effects included fatigue (3 cases, 17.6%, 2 cases in grade 1, 1 case in grade 2), gastrointestinal bleeding (1 case, 5.9%, grade 3), diarrhea (1 case, 5.9%, grade 2) and fever (1 case, 5.9%, grade 1). Patients with grades 1 to 2 relieved with symptomatic management. Three cases (17.6%) were discontinued due to intolerance of grade 3 adverse reactions and 1 case (5.9%) terminated on its own. There was no SRE during treatment and follow-up.Conclusions:Radium-223 combined with New-generation hormonal agents has a high objective remission rate in patients with mCRPC, which could provide pain relief and improve quality of life. The incidence of adverse reactions was low and well tolerated.

With the widespread use of electrical equipment, cognitive functions such as working memory (WM) could be severely affected when people are exposed to 50 Hz electromagnetic fields (EMF) for long term. However, the effects of EMF exposure on WM and its neural mechanism remain unclear. In the present paper, 15 rats were randomly assigned to three groups, and exposed to an EMF environment at 50 Hz and 2 mT for a different duration: 0 days (control group), 24 days (experimental group I), and 48 days (experimental group II). Then, their WM function was assessed by the T-maze task. Besides, their local field potential (LFP) in the media prefrontal cortex (mPFC) was recorded by the in vivo multichannel electrophysiological recording system to study the power spectral density (PSD) of θ and γ oscillations and the phase-amplitude coupling (PAC) intensity of θ-γ oscillations during the T-maze task. The results showed that the PSD of θ and γ oscillations decreased in experimental groups I and II, and the PAC intensity between θ and high-frequency γ (hγ) decreased significantly compared to the control group. The number of days needed to meet the task criterion was more in experimental groups I and II than that of control group. The results indicate that long-term exposure to EMF could impair WM function. The possible reason may be the impaired communication between different rhythmic oscillations caused by a decrease in θ-hγ PAC intensity. This paper demonstrates the negative effects of EMF on WM and reveals the potential neural mechanisms from the changes of PAC intensity, which provides important support for further investigation of the biological effects of EMF and its mechanisms.
Humans ; Rats ; Animals ; Memory, Short-Term/physiology* ; Electromagnetic Fields/adverse effects* ; Prefrontal Cortex ; Cognition