OBJECTIVE To construct a clinical inapplicability evaluation system for the instructions of oral Chinese patent medicines containing toxic decoction pieces， so as to provide references for the revision and improvement of such drug instructions and the formulation of instructions for new drugs. METHODS The initial indicator framework was determined based on policy documents and literature related to instruction registration and revision. Two rounds of Delphi consultation were conducted among 25 experts to refine and optimize the indicator system. The analytic hierarchy process was employed to construct judgment matrices and obtain indicator weights. The comprehensive weights were converted into a 100-point scale to evaluate 11 instructions of oral Chinese patent medicines containing toxic decoction pieces from the medical institution of the research team. RESULTS The average questionnaire recovery rate of the two rounds of consultation was 96%. The expert authority coefficients were 0.87 and 0.88， respectively， and the Kendall’s W was statistically significant （ P ＜0.001）. The final evaluation system comprised 4 first-level indicators （defect of toxicity identification， defect of dosage information， defect of risk warning， and defect of information guidance） and 24 second-level indicators （e.g.， failure to label toxic decoction pieces in 【warnings】， failure to indicate all decoction piece compositions， absence of medication course specifications， etc.）. The total scores of the 11 oral Chinese patent medicine instructions ranged from 15.50 to 50.87 points. The main clinical inapplicability issues included the absence of medication course specifications and the failure to provide warnings in items such as 【precautions】 for decoction pieces involving the “eighteen incompatibilities and nineteen mutual antagonisms”. CONCLUSIONS The constructed indicator system can meet the requirements for evaluating the clinical inapplicability of instructions for oral Chinese patent medicines containing toxic decoction pieces. All evaluated instructions exhibited certain clinical applicability defects. Pharmaceutical manufacturers should revise the instructions in accordance with policy requirements and clinical needs.

N-acetyl-p-aminophenol （APAP） is an antipyretic analgesic commonly used in clinical practice， and APAP overdose can cause severe liver injury and even death. In recent years， the incidence rate of APAP-induced liver injury （AILI） tends to increase， and it has become the second most common cause of liver transplantation worldwide. Autophagy is a highly conserved catabolic process that removes unwanted cytosolic proteins and organelles through lysosomal degradation to achieve the metabolic needs of cells themselves and the renewal of organelles. A large number of studies have shown that autophagy plays a key role in the pathophysiology of AILI， involving the mechanisms such as APAP protein conjugates， oxidative stress， JNK activation， mitochondrial dysfunction， inflammatory response and apoptosis. This article elaborates on the biological mechanism of autophagy in AILI， in order to provide a theoretical basis for the treatment of AILI and the development of autophagy regulators.

Objective:To explore potential risk factors for central lymph node metastasis (CLNM) in papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC).Methods:The clinicopathological data of 304 PTMC patients admitted to Baotou Cancer Hospital from Oct 2021 to Mar 2023 were retrospectively analyzed. The risk factors of CLNM were analyzed using unifactorial and multifactorial regression.Results:The rate of central regional lymph node metastasis in 304 patients with PTMC was 46.7% (142/304). Univariate analysis showed that male, age <45 years, maximum cancerous lesion diameter ≥5 mm, total cancerous lesion diameter ≥9.5 mm, anterior-posterior lesion diameter ≥5 mm, anterior-posterior lesion diameter ratio of cancerous lesions ≥0.48, breaching of thyroid capsule, number of lymph nodes on the side of cancerous lesions ≥5, and antithyroid peroxidase antibody ≤34 IU/ml were associated with CLNM (all P<0.05); Logistic multivariate regression analysis showed that. male, age <45 years, total diameter of cancer foci ≥9.5 mm ( OR=2.052, 95% CI: 1.176-3.581, P=0.011), anteroposterior diameter ratio of cancer foci ≥0.48 ( OR=2.076, 95% CI: 1.161-3.711, P=0.014), number of lymph nodes on the side of cancer foci ≥5, and anti-thyroid peroxidase antibody ≤34 IU/ml were independent risk factors for CLNM. Conclusion:Male, age ,total diameter of cancer foci, anterior-posterior diameter ratio of cancer foci, number of lymph nodes on the side of cancer foci, and anti-thyroid peroxidase antibody level are all independent risk factors for CLNM in patients with PTMC.

Liver diseases have a high prevalence rate worldwide with relatively poor long-term clinical outcomes and have become one of the leading causes of disease burden and death around the world,which poses significant challenges to public health.Eosinophils(Eos)are a class of highly conserved multifunctional immune cells that play critical effector roles in allergic diseases.In recent years,an increasing amount of evidence has shown that Eos plays an important role in the pathogenesis of liver diseases,exerting a protective or harmful effect in different liver diseases,which has become a research hotspot in this field.This article elaborates on the role and potential mechanism of action of Eos in liver diseases,in order to provide a new perspective for in-depth research on the pathogenesis of liver diseases and lay the foundation for developing therapeutic strategies targeting Eos.

Liver diseases have a high prevalence rate worldwide with relatively poor long-term clinical outcomes and have become one of the leading causes of disease burden and death around the world,which poses significant challenges to public health.Eosinophils(Eos)are a class of highly conserved multifunctional immune cells that play critical effector roles in allergic diseases.In recent years,an increasing amount of evidence has shown that Eos plays an important role in the pathogenesis of liver diseases,exerting a protective or harmful effect in different liver diseases,which has become a research hotspot in this field.This article elaborates on the role and potential mechanism of action of Eos in liver diseases,in order to provide a new perspective for in-depth research on the pathogenesis of liver diseases and lay the foundation for developing therapeutic strategies targeting Eos.

Aging is a physiological process characterized by the gradual decline of the body's functions over time.In recent years, the emergence of molecular hydrogen(H 2)medicine has introduced novel approaches to the field of anti-aging.Numerous animal experiments and clinical trials have demonstrated that H 2 possesses considerable potential to regulate oxidative stress, inflammation, organelle energy metabolism, and programmed cell death, while also offering protective effects on various organs and systems.Currently, H 2 is being utilized in the prevention and treatment of various age-related diseases, thereby opening new avenues for anti-aging interventions.

Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is a critical factor contributing to damage in multiple organs, involving complex mechanisms such as free radical production, intracellular calcium overload, and excessive activation of inflammatory responses. IRI leads to mitochondrial structural abnormalities and dysfunction, disrupting mitochondrial homeostasis. Mitophagy, a vital mitochondrial quality control mechanism, eliminates damaged mitochondria and reactive oxygen species, which plays a significant role in IRI by reducing the accumulation of harmful intracellular substances and maintaining mitochondrial and cellular homeostasis. This review aims to discuss the research progress of mitochondrial autophagy in organ IRI.

Pterygium is a proliferative disorder of the conjunctiva associated with chronic ocular surface inflammation, and the pathogenesis remains incompletely understood. The previous research focusing solely on single pathogens like human papillomavirus(HPV)has shifted towards emphasizing the central role of microbial dysbiosis. Recent studies indicate that ocular surface dysbiosis plays a critical role in the development and progression of pterygium by disrupting ocular surface immune homeostasis. Research has demonstrated that environmental factors(such as ultraviolet radiation, high altitude, and dust exposure)can induce a reduction in microbial diversity and an increased abundance of opportunistic pathogens(such as corynebacterium). This dysbiotic state activates pattern recognition receptors(PRRs), triggering the release of inflammatory cytokines via signaling pathways like NF-κB, thereby initiating chronic ocular surface inflammation. This inflammatory cascade promotes aberrant epithelial proliferation, angiogenesis, and impaired tissue repair, ultimately driving pterygium formation. This review aims to elucidate the pivotal role of the ocular surface microbiota-immune-inflammation axis in pterygium pathogenesis, providing a foundation for exploring more effective prevention and treatment strategies.

Objective:To investigate the clinical value of laparoscopic evaluation of anato-mical position of inferior mesenteric artery (IMA), inferior mesenteric vein (IMV) and left colic artery (LCA).Methods:The prospective one-arm study was conducted. The clinical data of 229 pati-ents who underwent laparoscopic left hemicolectomy for left colon or laparoscopic radical resection of rectal cancer in The Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University from December 2022 to December 2023 were selected. The distance between the origin point of IMA and the origin point of the first branch (L1) as well as the distance from the origin point of LCA root to the junction of LCA and IMV (L2) were measured during the operation. IMA classification, the location relation-ship of LCA and IMV junction were recorded. Observation indicators: (1) situations of enrolled patients; (2) difference analysis between L1, L2 and clinical features; (3) distribution characteristics of the location relationship between LCA and IMV in different types of IMA. Mann-Whitney U test was used for comparison of measurement data with skewed distribution between groups, Kruskal-Wallis H test was used for comparison between multiple groups, and Dunn-Bonferroni test was used for pairwise comparison. Comparison of count data between groups was performed by chi-square test. Pearson or Spearman correlation analysis was conducted for correlation of continuous variables. Results:(1) Situations of enrolled patients. A total of 229 eligible patients were screened out, including 146 males and 83 females, aged 64(range, 55-71)years. The height of 229 patients was 168(range, 160-172)cm, the weight was 65.0(55.5,71.5)kg, the body surface area was (1.68±0.17)m 2, the tumor maximum diameter was 3.0(2.5,4.0)cm. The total number of lymph nodes dissected was 19(17,21), and the number of No.253 lymph node dissected was 4(3,5). The L1 was 3.50(1.20,8.00)cm, and the L2 was 2.20(0.50,7.30)cm. There were 58, 31, 32, 71, 22, 90, 26 and 212 patients with smoking, alcohol drinking, diabetes, hypertension, coronary heart disease, neoadjuvant chemo-therapy, neoadjuvant radiotherapy and preservation of the LCA, respectively. Among 229 patients, cases with BMI <18.5 kg/m 2, 18.5-23.9 kg/m 2 and >23.9 kg/m 2 were 11, 133 and 85, respectively. There were 153 cases in pathological stage Ⅰ-Ⅱ and 76 cases in stage Ⅲ. There were 168 cases of Dixon operation, 6 cases of Miles operation and 55 cases of sigmoid colon resection. There were 135 cases of IMA type 1, 44 cases of IMA type 2, 23 cases of IMA type 3, 2 cases of IMA type 4, and 25 cases of IMA type unable to judge. (2) Difference analysis between L1, L2 and clinical features.Correlation analysis showed negative correlation between the height, body surface area and L1 ( r=-0.17, -0.15, P<0.05). The L1 was 3.20(2.68,4.00)cm for male patients and 3.60(3.00,4.20)cm for female patients, respectively, showing a significant difference between the two groups ( Z=-2.37, P<0.05). The L1 of patients with IMA type 1, 2, and 3 was 3.20(2.80,4.00)cm, 3.85(3.00,4.48)cm, and 3.20(2.50,4.30)cm, respectively, showing a significant difference among them ( H=7.54, P<0.05). Further pairwise com-parison showed that there was a significant difference in L1 between patients with IMA type 2 and those with IMA type 1 ( P<0.05). The L2 of smokers and non-smokers were 2.50(1.95,3.20)cm and 2.20(1.60,2.80)cm, respectively, showing a significant difference between the two groups ( Z=-2.24, P<0.05). (3)Distribution characteristics of the location relationship between LCA and IMV in different types of IMA. There was no significant difference in LCA distribution between the anterior and posterior positions of IMV among the three IMA types (type 1, 2, 3) ( χ2=1.63, P>0.05). Conclusions:Patients with greater height have larger body surface area and shorter L1. L1 is significantly longer in female patients than in male patients. L1 is significantly longer in patients with IMA type 2 than in those with type 1. L2 is significantly longer in smokers than in non-smokers. There was no significant difference in the distribution location between LCA and IMV among patients of IMA type 1, 2 and 3.

Transmissible gastroenteritis(TGE)is a highly contagious gastrointestinal disease of pigs caused by the transmissible gastroenteritis virus(TGEV).It results in severe diarrhea and high mortality in suckling piglets.As no specific treatment available,vaccination is considered to be one of the most cost-effective measures for preventing and controlling TGE.However,the immune protection provided by vaccines based on traditional TGEV strains is becoming inadequate due to the continuous emergence of strong and new strains of the virus,which poses a serious threat to the pig industry's health and development.Therefore,the development of new vaccines with im-proved efficiency and broad-spectrum coverage is urgently needed.This paper aims to summarize the pathogenic structural characteristics of TGEV,discuss the latest advancements in TGEV vac-cine research and development,and propose future strategies for the development of highly effec-tive TGEV vaccines.The findings of this paper can serve as a valuable reference for effectively pre-venting and controlling TGE in clinical practice.