In recent years,with rapid development of technology of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering,brain organoids,as an innovative in vitro model system,have become a hot spot in neuroscience research and drug development.Brain organoids simulate the complex structure and function of the human brain in terms of reprodu-cing key processes of brain development in vitro,providing an unprecedented platform for understanding the mecha-nisms of neurological diseases and of evaluating drug efficacy and toxicity.This review summarizes the latest re-search progress in brain organoid technology,particularly its application in drug development and in exploring chal-lenges and orientation of future development.