BACKGROUND:Competitive athletes exercising in high-temperature,high-humidity,or low-oxygen environments experience intensified skeletal muscle deoxygenation and reduced fat oxidation,which can impair athletic performance.OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the impact of high-temperature,high-humidity,and low-oxygen environments on the fat oxidation rates of athletes during incremental load exercise,and to analyze the differences in deoxyhemoglobin kinetic parameters in skeletal muscle,thereby clarifying the relationship between fat oxidation capacity and skeletal muscle oxygenation under varying environmental conditions.METHODS:Twelve male modern pentathlon athletes were recruited for tests under three environmental conditions:normal(23 ℃,RH45％,FiO2=21.0％),high temperature and high humidity(35 ℃,RH70％,FiO2=21.0％),and low oxygen(23 ℃,RH45％,FiO2=15.6％).Resting metabolism and incremental load exercise were tested.Gas exchange data during and post-exercise were collected to calculate fat oxidation rate,carbohydrate oxidation rate,energy expenditure,and excess post-exercise oxygen consumption.Simultaneous measurements of SmO2 and total hemoglobin in the vastus lateralis muscle were used to calculate deoxyhemoglobin(HHb)levels.Deoxyhemoglobin change parameters-linear fittng slope(ΔEHHb),slope before the inflection point(ΔEHHB-1),and slope after the inflection point(ΔEHHB-2)-were determined using a bilinear function model.Fat oxidation curves were fitted using a SIN function model to identify the intensity(FATmax)that induced maximal fat oxidation(MFO),along with the curve's expansion,symmetry,and translation.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)Energy metabolism:No significant differences in maximal fat oxidation were observed across environments in each group(P>0.05).Compared with the normal environment group,both high temperature and high humidity group and low oxygen group showed significantly decreased time to maximal fat oxidation and FATmax(P<0.05).The percentage of maximal fat oxidation corresponding to peak oxygen uptake was lower in the low oxygen environment group(P<0.05).Fat oxidation was consistently low in the low oxygen environment group during exercise,while in the high temperature and high humidity environment group,it decreased only at higher exercise loads.Additionally,the expansion parameter was significantly reduced in both high temperature and high humidity and low oxygen environment groups(P<0.05).(2)Deoxyhemoglobin dynamics:The ΔEHHb was significantly higher in the high temperature and high humidity environment group,and ΔEHHB-1 was significantly increased in both high temperature and high humidity and low oxygen environment groups(P<0.05).(3)Correlation analysis:ΔEHHb was significantly negatively correlated with symmetry;ΔEHHB-1 was negatively correlated with FATmax and maximal fat oxidation;ΔEHHB-2 was positively correlated with maximal fat oxidation,and V?O2@BP was positively correlated with symmetry,expansion,and FATmax.(4)These findings indicate that incremental load exercise in high temperature,high humidity,and low oxygen environments accelerates skeletal muscle deoxygenation,thereby inhibiting fat oxidation capacity.Compared with high temperature and high humidity,low oxygen environments may more rapidly disrupt the balance between oxygen delivery and utilization in athletes'skeletal muscle,leading to a greater reliance on anaerobic glycolysis and a consequent reduction in fat oxidation capacity during exercise.

BACKGROUND:Competitive athletes exercising in high-temperature,high-humidity,or low-oxygen environments experience intensified skeletal muscle deoxygenation and reduced fat oxidation,which can impair athletic performance.OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the impact of high-temperature,high-humidity,and low-oxygen environments on the fat oxidation rates of athletes during incremental load exercise,and to analyze the differences in deoxyhemoglobin kinetic parameters in skeletal muscle,thereby clarifying the relationship between fat oxidation capacity and skeletal muscle oxygenation under varying environmental conditions.METHODS:Twelve male modern pentathlon athletes were recruited for tests under three environmental conditions:normal(23 ℃,RH45％,FiO2=21.0％),high temperature and high humidity(35 ℃,RH70％,FiO2=21.0％),and low oxygen(23 ℃,RH45％,FiO2=15.6％).Resting metabolism and incremental load exercise were tested.Gas exchange data during and post-exercise were collected to calculate fat oxidation rate,carbohydrate oxidation rate,energy expenditure,and excess post-exercise oxygen consumption.Simultaneous measurements of SmO2 and total hemoglobin in the vastus lateralis muscle were used to calculate deoxyhemoglobin(HHb)levels.Deoxyhemoglobin change parameters-linear fittng slope(ΔEHHb),slope before the inflection point(ΔEHHB-1),and slope after the inflection point(ΔEHHB-2)-were determined using a bilinear function model.Fat oxidation curves were fitted using a SIN function model to identify the intensity(FATmax)that induced maximal fat oxidation(MFO),along with the curve's expansion,symmetry,and translation.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)Energy metabolism:No significant differences in maximal fat oxidation were observed across environments in each group(P>0.05).Compared with the normal environment group,both high temperature and high humidity group and low oxygen group showed significantly decreased time to maximal fat oxidation and FATmax(P<0.05).The percentage of maximal fat oxidation corresponding to peak oxygen uptake was lower in the low oxygen environment group(P<0.05).Fat oxidation was consistently low in the low oxygen environment group during exercise,while in the high temperature and high humidity environment group,it decreased only at higher exercise loads.Additionally,the expansion parameter was significantly reduced in both high temperature and high humidity and low oxygen environment groups(P<0.05).(2)Deoxyhemoglobin dynamics:The ΔEHHb was significantly higher in the high temperature and high humidity environment group,and ΔEHHB-1 was significantly increased in both high temperature and high humidity and low oxygen environment groups(P<0.05).(3)Correlation analysis:ΔEHHb was significantly negatively correlated with symmetry;ΔEHHB-1 was negatively correlated with FATmax and maximal fat oxidation;ΔEHHB-2 was positively correlated with maximal fat oxidation,and V?O2@BP was positively correlated with symmetry,expansion,and FATmax.(4)These findings indicate that incremental load exercise in high temperature,high humidity,and low oxygen environments accelerates skeletal muscle deoxygenation,thereby inhibiting fat oxidation capacity.Compared with high temperature and high humidity,low oxygen environments may more rapidly disrupt the balance between oxygen delivery and utilization in athletes'skeletal muscle,leading to a greater reliance on anaerobic glycolysis and a consequent reduction in fat oxidation capacity during exercise.

The pathogenesis of male infertility is intricate and complex,and now,Western medicine is primarily based on empirical drug treatment.Male infertility is one of the advantageous diseases of traditional Chinese medicine,and traditional Chinese medicine has obvious effect in improving male reproductive function,which is one of the important means of clinical treatment of this disease.Based on the classical ancient books and modern research,and based on the traditional tonifying kidney method,we have innovatively put forward the concept of treating male infertility with the principle of"deficiency of kidney essence as the root,tonifying kidney and benefiting essence as the method,and regulating yin and yang mildly as the rule",which has achieved good clinical efficacy.At the same time,combined with the long-term clinical practice of our team,we have proposed five major diagnosis and treatment strategies for male infertility,i.e.,combining disease identification with syndrome identification,combining macroscopic with microscopic approaches,combining holistic with localized treatments,combining traditional Chinese medicine with surgery,and combining treatment of the disease and treatment of the person.In addition,we have summarized some of the current problems in the treatment of male infertility with traditional Chinese medicine and put forward corresponding suggestions,with a view to promoting the development and application of traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of male infertility.

Oligoasthenozoospermia is the main cause of male infertility， with complex and diverse causes. Currently， there are still some unclear causes of oligoasthenozoospermia in clinical practice， known as idiopathic oligoasthenozoospermia. With the development of high-throughput sequencing technology， it has been found that intestinal microbiota disorder may be an important promoting factor for the onset of oligoasthenozoospermia. Traditional Chinese medicine believes that "deficiency of kidney essence" is the core pathogenesis of oligoasthenozoospermia. In clinical practice， the method of tonifying the kidney and strengthening the essence has a significant therapeutic effect on oligoasthenozoospermia， but its mechanism of action has not been fully elucidated. Based on the basic theories of traditional Chinese medicine and molecular biology research， it has been found that there is a similarity between "kidney essence" and intestinal microbiota. During the onset of oligoasthenozoospermia， the disorder of intestinal microbiota has similarities with the pathogenesis of "deficiency of kidney essence" in traditional Chinese medicine. Moreover， traditional Chinese medicine for tonifying the kidney and strengthening the essence can regulate the disorder of intestinal microbiota， which may be one of the effective mechanisms for the treatment of oligoasthenozoospermia with the Bushen Yijing method. Based on this， this article explored the mechanism of Bushen Yijing method of traditional Chinese medicine in treating oligoasthenozoospermia from the perspective of intestinal microbiota， so as to provide new ideas for the treatment of oligoasthenozoospermia with traditional Chinese medicine.