Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis (CMC) is an infectious phenotype characterized by recurrent or persistent infections caused by Candida species that affect the skin, nails, oral, and genital mucosae for a duration exceeding six months. Current research suggests that CMC is an immunodeficiency disease with a complex pathogenesis. Patients with CMC have various defects in nonspecific and/or specific immunity against Candida infection, resulting in the inability of patients to defend themselves against Candida infection. CMC can be stratified into primary CMC and secondary CMC based on etiology. Primary CMC is often associated with genetic mutations leading to immunodeficiencies in T helper cell 17 and interleukin-17, whereas secondary CMC is frequently linked to factors such as human immunodeficiency virus infection, diabetes mellitus, and immunosuppressive therapy. Primary CMC typically manifests as Candida infections, with distinct genetic mutations often correlating to varied concomitant symptoms. Secondary CMC may present with not only superficial mucosal Candida infections and manifestations of the underlying primary disease but also with invasive fungal infections. Diagnosing CMC requires an integration of medical history and clinical presentation, supplemented by the outcomes of auxiliary diagnostic procedures, including microscopic examination of fungal smear, fungal culture, immunological testing, and genetic sequencing and analysis. Furthermore, confirming primary CMC requires exclusion of the aforementioned secondary factors. At present, antifungal drugs such as triazoles, echinocandins, and polyenes are the main treatment for CMC. Moreover, immunotherapy with biologics such as Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors provides more options for the clinical treatment of patients with CMC. Gene therapy also has potential clinical application value. In this review, we discuss the etiologies, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatments of CMC, aiming to provide a reference for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of CMC.

Oral hairy leukoplakia is an oral mucosal disease caused by Epstein-Barr virusinfection of oral squamous epithelial cells.Oral hairy leukoplakia presents as a non-removable,corrugated and wrinkled white plaque sometimes with hair-like projections,typical-ly occurring on the border of the tongue.It is commonly found in patients infected by human immunodeficiency virus,and it can also be seen in immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients who are not infected by human immunodeficiency virus.The pathogenesis of oral hairy leukoplakia is still unclear,and anti-EBV therapy is the main treatment for oral hairy leukoplakia at present.This paper will review the etiology,pathogenesis,risk factors,epidemiology,clinical manifestations,diagnosis and treatment of oral hairy leuko-plakia.

Oral hairy leukoplakia is an oral mucosal disease caused by Epstein-Barr virusinfection of oral squamous epithelial cells.Oral hairy leukoplakia presents as a non-removable,corrugated and wrinkled white plaque sometimes with hair-like projections,typical-ly occurring on the border of the tongue.It is commonly found in patients infected by human immunodeficiency virus,and it can also be seen in immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients who are not infected by human immunodeficiency virus.The pathogenesis of oral hairy leukoplakia is still unclear,and anti-EBV therapy is the main treatment for oral hairy leukoplakia at present.This paper will review the etiology,pathogenesis,risk factors,epidemiology,clinical manifestations,diagnosis and treatment of oral hairy leuko-plakia.