Artificial intelligence methods are developing rapidly in the medical field.However,the effectiveness of model training relies heavily on the support of sufficient sample sizes.Due to various constraints such as privacy,security,ethics,and costs in the medical field,it is rather difficult to obtain a large number of labeled training samples.Problems like the scarcity of rare disease cases,the lack of biological data for drug molecule mining,and the shortage of high-quality annotations for medical images significantly reduce the ability of models to learn from observed data,which in turn leads to poor prediction performance.In this context,constructing efficient learning artificial intelligence models for small sample data is of far-reaching significance both theoretically and practically.On the one hand,it can help to explore potential patterns when samples are insufficient in the early stage of new research.On the other hand,high-quality models can effectively reduce the cost of manual annotation,shorten the research cycle,and provide opportunities for solving challenging problems in medical research where it is difficult to collect a sufficient number of samples.Driven by both the expected advantages and actual needs,the research on artificial intelligence for small sample data has gradually become a highly anticipated and important research direction.This review systematically collates and summarizes the principles,advantages,disadvantages,applicable scenarios,and principal challenges associated with six artificial intelligence methods currently employed in the context of small-sample medical data,namely generative adversarial networks,graph neural networks,transfer learning,reinforcement learning,and Meta-learning.Furthermore,the review provides an extensive outlook and in-depth contemplation on the future trajectory of artificial intelligence methodologies in the realm of small sample data in medicine.

Artificial intelligence methods are developing rapidly in the medical field.However,the effectiveness of model training relies heavily on the support of sufficient sample sizes.Due to various constraints such as privacy,security,ethics,and costs in the medical field,it is rather difficult to obtain a large number of labeled training samples.Problems like the scarcity of rare disease cases,the lack of biological data for drug molecule mining,and the shortage of high-quality annotations for medical images significantly reduce the ability of models to learn from observed data,which in turn leads to poor prediction performance.In this context,constructing efficient learning artificial intelligence models for small sample data is of far-reaching significance both theoretically and practically.On the one hand,it can help to explore potential patterns when samples are insufficient in the early stage of new research.On the other hand,high-quality models can effectively reduce the cost of manual annotation,shorten the research cycle,and provide opportunities for solving challenging problems in medical research where it is difficult to collect a sufficient number of samples.Driven by both the expected advantages and actual needs,the research on artificial intelligence for small sample data has gradually become a highly anticipated and important research direction.This review systematically collates and summarizes the principles,advantages,disadvantages,applicable scenarios,and principal challenges associated with six artificial intelligence methods currently employed in the context of small-sample medical data,namely generative adversarial networks,graph neural networks,transfer learning,reinforcement learning,and Meta-learning.Furthermore,the review provides an extensive outlook and in-depth contemplation on the future trajectory of artificial intelligence methodologies in the realm of small sample data in medicine.

Objective:To explore the relationship between intestinal microbiomes and asthenospermia.Methods:This was a retrospective case control study. A total of 32 men with asthenospermia and 30 normal men (named control group) were included. The subjects were recruited from Department of Andrology of Shenyang Jinghua Hospital from January 2021 to June 2021. Basic information was collected, semen quality was tested, abundance of intestinal bacteria in feces was detected using 16S rDNA full length assembly sequencing technology (16S-FAST).Results:In patients with asthenospermia, the total sperm count [112.22×10 6 (79.13×10 6, 179.76×10 6)], forward progressive motility rate [22.93% (16.71%, 28.02%)], non-forward progressive motility rate [5.60% (3.98%, 7.62%)] were significantly lower and immobile sperm rate [72.19% (65.27%,78.92%)] was significantly higher than those of control group [166.76×10 6 (110.17×10 6, 262.79×10 6), P=0.022; 42.37% (35.21%, 57.88%), P<0.001; 8.82% (6.18%,11.14%), P=0.001; 50.88% (33.33%, 56.24%), P<0.001], and there were no significant differences in age and body mass index between the two groups (all P>0.05). The participating population can be divided into enterotype 1 (Bacteroide enterotype) and enterotype 2 (Prevotella enterotype). There was no significant difference in α diversity between asthenospermia group and control group in two enterotypes (all P>0.05). In the population with enterotype 2, β diversity analysis clearly separated the microbiome of men with asthenospermia and healthy controls, and the abundance of Proteobacteria phylum, Clostridium sp., Ruminococcus bromii, Phocea massiensis, C. disporicum, Tyzzerella sp. Marseille_P3062, Howardella ureilytica, C. perfringens, and C. sp. BG-C151 species were more abundant in men with asthenospermia compared with control group [linear discriminant analysis (LDA)>2]; while in the population with enterotype 1, β diversity analysis could not separate the microbiome of men with asthenospermia and non-asthenospermia men ( P>0.05). In addition, KEGG analysis showed that in the population with enterotype 2, thiamine metabolism PATH ko00730 pathway, which was closely related to differential bacteria, was significantly less abundant in asthenospermia group than in control group (LDA>2). Conclusion:The intestinal microbiome and KEGG functional pathways differed significantly between asthenospermia and normozoospermia in population with enterotype 2, while there was no difference in the enterotype 1 population. Changes in intestinal microbiome may have an impact on sperm motility in specific populations.

Objective:To explore the relationship between intestinal microbiomes and asthenospermia.Methods:This was a retrospective case control study. A total of 32 men with asthenospermia and 30 normal men (named control group) were included. The subjects were recruited from Department of Andrology of Shenyang Jinghua Hospital from January 2021 to June 2021. Basic information was collected, semen quality was tested, abundance of intestinal bacteria in feces was detected using 16S rDNA full length assembly sequencing technology (16S-FAST).Results:In patients with asthenospermia, the total sperm count [112.22×10 6 (79.13×10 6, 179.76×10 6)], forward progressive motility rate [22.93% (16.71%, 28.02%)], non-forward progressive motility rate [5.60% (3.98%, 7.62%)] were significantly lower and immobile sperm rate [72.19% (65.27%,78.92%)] was significantly higher than those of control group [166.76×10 6 (110.17×10 6, 262.79×10 6), P=0.022; 42.37% (35.21%, 57.88%), P<0.001; 8.82% (6.18%,11.14%), P=0.001; 50.88% (33.33%, 56.24%), P<0.001], and there were no significant differences in age and body mass index between the two groups (all P>0.05). The participating population can be divided into enterotype 1 (Bacteroide enterotype) and enterotype 2 (Prevotella enterotype). There was no significant difference in α diversity between asthenospermia group and control group in two enterotypes (all P>0.05). In the population with enterotype 2, β diversity analysis clearly separated the microbiome of men with asthenospermia and healthy controls, and the abundance of Proteobacteria phylum, Clostridium sp., Ruminococcus bromii, Phocea massiensis, C. disporicum, Tyzzerella sp. Marseille_P3062, Howardella ureilytica, C. perfringens, and C. sp. BG-C151 species were more abundant in men with asthenospermia compared with control group [linear discriminant analysis (LDA)>2]; while in the population with enterotype 1, β diversity analysis could not separate the microbiome of men with asthenospermia and non-asthenospermia men ( P>0.05). In addition, KEGG analysis showed that in the population with enterotype 2, thiamine metabolism PATH ko00730 pathway, which was closely related to differential bacteria, was significantly less abundant in asthenospermia group than in control group (LDA>2). Conclusion:The intestinal microbiome and KEGG functional pathways differed significantly between asthenospermia and normozoospermia in population with enterotype 2, while there was no difference in the enterotype 1 population. Changes in intestinal microbiome may have an impact on sperm motility in specific populations.

This paper reviews the research progress on live-cell super-resolution fluorescence microscopy, discusses the current research status and hotspots in this field, and summarizes the technological application of super-resolution fluorescence microscopy for live-cell imaging. To date, this field has gained progress in numerous aspects. Specifically, the structured illumination microscopy, stimulated emission depletion microscopy, and the recently introduced minimal photon fluxes microscopy are the current research hotspots. According to the current progress in this field, future development trend is likely to be largely driven by artificial intelligence as well as advances in fluorescent probes and relevant labelling methods.
Artificial Intelligence ; Microscopy, Fluorescence ; Fluorescent Dyes ; Technology

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy and safety of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors for neoadjuvant treatment of bladder cancer， and to provide evidence-based reference for clinical treatment. METHODS Retrieved from PubMed， Cochrane Library， Embase， American Society of Clinical Oncology Meeting Library， CNKI， VIP and Wanfang database， etc.， the randomized controlled trials （RCTs）， non-RCT， case-control studies， cohort studies， etc. about PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors for neoadjuvant treatment of bladder cancer were collected from the inception to Jan 31st， 2023. After literature screening， data extraction and quality evaluation， RevMan 5.3 software was used to perform meta-analysis of single-group rates； sensitivity analysis and publication bias analysis were conducted using Stata12 software. RESULTS A total of 25 studies were included in this discussion， involving 940 patients. The results of meta-analysis showed that the pathologic complete response （pCR） rate was 32% [OR＝0.32， 95%CI （0.22， 0.45）， P＝0.006]， downstaging rate was 52% [OR＝0.52， 95%CI （0.45， 0.60）， P＝0.55]， and the incidence of ≥grade 3 immune-related adverse events （irAEs） was 16% [OR＝0.16， 95%CI （0.11， 0.22）， P＜0.000 01]. Subgroup analysis showed that the patients receiving PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors alone had a pCR rate of 25% and a incidence of Grade≥3 irAEs of 9%； the patients receiving combined immunotherapy had a pCR rate of 29% and a incidence of Grade≥3 irAEs of 28%； the patients receiving PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors combined with chemotherapy had a pCR rate of 43% and a incidence of Grade≥3 irAEs of 12%； PD-L1 positive patients had a pCR rate of 44%， and PD-L1 negative patients had a pCR rate of 25%. The results of the sensitivity analysis showed that the study was robust. The results of the publication bias analysis showed that there was no significant publication bias. CONCLUSIONS PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors are effective and safe for adjuvant treatment of bladder cancer.

Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) are proteins or protein regions that fail to get folded into definite three-dimensional structures but participate in various biological processes and perform specific functions. Defying the traditional protein "sequence-structure-function" paradigm, they enrich the protein "structure-function" diversity. Ubiquitous in organisms, they show extreme hydrophilicity, charged amino acids, and highly repetitive amino acid sequences, with simple arrangement. As a result, they feature highly variable binding affinities and high coordination, which facilitate their functions. IDPs play an important role in cell stress response, which can improve the tolerance to a variety of stresses, such as freezing, high salt, heat shock, and desiccation. In this study, we briefed the characteristics, classifications, and identification of IDPs, summarized the molecular mechanism in improving cell stress resistance, and described the potential applications.
Freezing ; Intrinsically Disordered Proteins/metabolism* ; Protein Conformation

Objective    To reveal and demonstrate the hotspots and further research directions in screening technology for early lung cancer, and provide references for the future studies. Methods    Researches related to lung cancer screening from 2011 to 2021 in the Web of Science database were included. Biblioshiny, a bibliometrics program based on R language, was used to perform content analysis and visualization of the included literature information. Results    Researches related to lung cancer screening were increasing year by year. Six major cooperation groups were formed between countries. The current research hotspots in the field of early lung cancer screening technology mainly focused on the multi-directional fusion of radiographic imaging, liquid biopsy and artificial intelligence. Conclusion    Low-dose spiral CT screening is still the most important and mainstream method for the screening of early lung cancer at present. The combination and integration of artificial intelligence with various screening methods and the innovation of novel testing and diagnostic equipment are the current research hotspots and the future research trend in this field.

In addition to the typical respiratory symptoms, COVID-19 patients present with clinical manifestations of cardiovascular system damage, and they are at higher risk of intensive care or mortality. The mechanism of COVID-19's impact on the cardiovascular system is still unclear, therefore we need to pay close attention to it. Based on the existing research, this paper focused on the concurrent characteristics of the cardiovascular system diseases, summarized the possible mechanisms of cardiovascular system damage, including the coronavirus invaders directly into cardiomyocytes and its conduction system, with complications or accompanying conditions such as cytokine storm, imbalance of oxygen supply and demand, drug influence, stress and other damage to cardiovascular system. Meanwhile, current clinical manifestations and treatment methods of COVID-19 were summarized.

Objective    To investigate the job satisfaction, emotional state and related factors of medical staff participating in online consultation of West China Internet Hospital during the COVID-19 epidemic. Methods    Through literature review and expert consultation (Delphi method), the questionnaire was developed, and the online consulting medical staff of West China Hospital of Sichuan University were invited to conduct the questionnaire survey from 26 January to 19 June 2020, and finally the statistical analysis was summarized. Results    A total of 132 valid questionnaires were retrieved. Of the 132 subjects, 127 people (96.2%) expressed satisfaction or special satisfaction with the online consulting office format; 103 respondents (78.0%) said that online consulting did not affect or completely did not affect the work and life; 81 people (61.4%) consulted online more than 5 days a week, and 108 people (81.8%) worked within 2 hours a day; the vast majority (97.7%) of the research subjects were satisfied with the content of the training materials and the related support work of the coordination group. Only 29 (22.0%) of the study participants believed that the epidemic caused negative emotions, mainly due to the severity of the epidemic. Conclusion    The online consulting medical staff are satisfied with the office form, training materials and coordination work group of the COVID-19 epidemic, and think that it does not affect their work and life. 22.0% of medical staff have negative emotions, and the severity of the epidemic is   the main reason.