OBJECTIVE To formulate the Expert Consensus on the Management of Radiopharmaceuticals in Medical Institutions （hereinafter referred to as “the Consensus”）， focusing on key aspects such as the procurement of radiopharmaceuticals， the management of self-made radiopharmaceutical preparations， standardized clinical application， and patient medication safety management， so as to provide a reference for improving the whole-process management of radiopharmaceuticals in medical institutions.METHODS The Consensus was initiated by the Chinese Society of Nuclear Medicine， the Clinical Pharmacy Professional Committee of the China Anti-Cancer Association， and the Committee of Integrative Oncology Pharmacy of the China Anti-Cancer Association. Organized by the consensus drafting group more than 90 experts from the fields of nuclear medicine， nuclear pharmacy， and pharmacy science across China were involved. The Consensus was developed through systematic review of relevant laws， regulations， policy documents， and existing experience in radiopharmaceutical management， followed by extensive discussion and deliberation to finalize the consensus. RESULTS &CONCLUSIONS The Consensus establishes 10 key points for whole-process management of radiopharmaceuticals in medical institutions， covering organizational management and personnel requirements， procurement， preparation， acceptance， storage， risk prevention and control during use， radiation protection， and waste disposal. The Consensus provides a reference for improving radiopharmaceutical management in medical institutions and for ensuring their efficacy and safety in clinical application.

T7 RNA polymerase (T7 RNAP) is one of the simplest known RNA polymerases. Its unique structural features make it a critical model for studying the mechanisms of RNA synthesis. This review systematically examines the static crystal structure of T7 RNAP, beginning with an in-depth examination of its characteristic “thumb”, “palm”, and “finger” domains, which form the classic “right-hand-like” architecture. By detailing these structural elements, this review establishes a foundation for understanding the overall organization of T7 RNAP. This review systematically maps the functional roles of secondary structural elements and their subdomains in transcriptional catalysis, progressively elucidating the fundamental relationships between structure and function. Further, the intrinsic flexibility of T7 RNAP and its applications in research are also discussed. Additionally, the review presents the structural diagrams of the enzyme at different stages of the transcription process, and through these diagrams, it provides a detailed description of the complete transcription process of T7 RNAP. By integrating structural dynamics and kinetics analyses, the review constructs a comprehensive framework that bridges static structure to dynamic processes. Despite its advantages, T7 RNAP has a notable limitation: it generates double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) as a byproduct. The presence of dsRNA not only compromises the purity of mRNA products but also elicits nonspecific immune responses, which pose significant challenges for biotechnological and therapeutic applications. The review provides a detailed exploration of the mechanisms underlying dsRNA formation during T7 RNAP catalysis, reviews current strategies to mitigate this issue, and highlights recent progress in the field. A key focus is the semi-rational design of T7 RNAP mutants engineered to minimize dsRNA generation and enhance catalytic performance. Beyond its role in transcription, T7 RNAP exhibits rapid development and extensive application in fields, including gene editing, biosensing, and mRNA vaccines. This review systematically examines the structure-function relationships of T7 RNAP, elucidates the mechanisms of dsRNA formation, and discusses engineering strategies to optimize its performance. It further explores the engineering optimization and functional expansion of T7 RNAP. Furthermore, this review also addresses the pressing issues that currently need resolution, discusses the major challenges in the practical application of T7 RNAP, and provides an outlook on potential future research directions. In summary, this review provides a comprehensive analysis of T7 RNAP, ranging from its structural architecture to cutting-edge applications. We systematically examine: (1) the characteristic right-hand domains (thumb, palm, fingers) that define its minimalistic structure; (2) the structure-function relationships underlying transcriptional catalysis; and (3) the dynamic transitions during the complete transcription cycle. While highlighting T7 RNAP’s versatility in gene editing, biosensing, and mRNA vaccine production, we critically address its major limitation—dsRNA byproduct formation—and evaluate engineering solutions including semi-rationally designed mutants. By synthesizing current knowledge and identifying key challenges, this work aims to provide novel insights for the development and application of T7 RNAP and to foster further thought and progress in related fields.

Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) is a cytosolic pattern recognition receptor that recognizes multiple pathogen-associated molecular patterns and damage-associated molecular patterns. It is a cytoplasmic immune factor that responds to cellular stress signals, and it is usually activated after infection or inflammation, forming an NLRP3 inflammasome to protect the body. Aberrant NLRP3 inflammasome activation is reportedly associated with some inflammatory diseases and metabolic diseases. Recently, there have been mounting indications that NLRP3 inflammasomes play an important role in liver injuries caused by a variety of diseases, specifically hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury, hepatitis, and liver failure. Herein, we summarize new research pertaining to NLRP3 inflammasomes in hepatic injury, hepatitis, and liver failure. The review addresses the potential mechanisms of action of the NLRP3 inflammasome, and its regulation in these liver diseases.
Humans ; NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein/metabolism* ; Inflammasomes/physiology* ; Animals ; Liver Diseases/metabolism* ; Liver/metabolism* ; Reperfusion Injury/metabolism*

Metal ion-promoted chemodynamic therapy(CDT) combined with photodynamic therapy(PDT) offers broad application prospects for enhancing anti-tumor effects. In this study, glycyrrhizic acid(GA), copper ions(Cu~(2+)), and norcantharidin(NCTD) were co-assembled to successfully prepare a natural small-molecule, carrier-free hydrogel(NCTD Gel) with excellent material properties. Under 808 nm laser irradiation, NCTD Gel responded to the tumor microenvironment(TME) and acted as an efficient Fenton reagent and photosensitizer, catalyzing the conversion of endogenous hydrogen peroxide(H_2O_2) within the tumor into oxygen(O_2), and hydroxyl radicals(·OH, type Ⅰ reactive oxygen species) and singlet oxygen(~1O_2, type Ⅱ reactive oxygen species), while depleting glutathione(GSH) to stabilize reactive oxygen species and alleviate tumor hypoxia. In vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrated that NCTD Gel exhibited significant CDT/PDT synergistic therapeutic effects. Further safety evaluation and metabolic testing confirmed its good biocompatibility and safety. This novel hydrogel is not only simple to prepare, safe, and cost-effective but also holds great potential for clinical transformation, providing insights and references for the research and development of metal ion-mediated hydrogel-based anti-tumor therapies.
Hydrogels/chemistry* ; Animals ; Photochemotherapy ; Humans ; Mice ; Antineoplastic Agents/administration & dosage* ; Photosensitizing Agents/chemistry* ; Neoplasms/metabolism* ; Female ; Copper/chemistry* ; Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism* ; Tumor Microenvironment/drug effects* ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Male

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the value of difference between hematocrit (HCT) and albumin (Alb) in predicting the prognosis of patients with sepsis. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted on the septic patients hospitalized at the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University from January to October in 2024. Clinical data including gender, age, body mass index (BMI), history of hypertension or diabetes, vital signs on admission, and sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score, acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II (APACHE II) score, blood lactic acid (Lac), oxygenation index (PaO₂/FiO₂), hemoglobin (Hb), white blood cell count (WBC), platelet count (PLT), lymphocyte count (LYM), HCT, Alb, difference between HCT and Alb, bilirubin, scrum creatinine (SCr), and fibrinogen (Fib) within 48 hours of admission were collected. The 28-day prognosis of patients was also recorded. Binary multivariate Logistic regression analysis was used to identify risk factors for 28-day death in patients with sepsis. The predictive efficacy of the difference between HCT and Alb on 28-day death was evaluated using the receiver operator characteristic curve (ROC curve). RESULTS: Among 180 enrolled septic patients, 140 survived and 40 died on 28 days. Compared with the survival group, the patients in the death group was significantly older (years old: 64±16 vs. 55±15, P < 0.05), and had higher SOFA score, APACHE II score, and SCr [SOFA score: 6 (4, 9) vs. 3 (2, 5), APACHE II score: 13 (10, 18) vs. 8 (6, 11), SCr (μmol/L): 136 (70, 416) vs. 77 (58, 126), all P < 0.05] as well as lower Hb, PLT, HCT, difference between HCT and Alb, and Fib within 48 hours of admission [Hb (g/L): 90±30 vs. 106±79, PLT (×10⁹/L): 158 (57, 240) vs. 215 (110, 315), HCT: 0.258±0.081 vs. 0.333±0.077, difference between HCT and Alb: -6.52±7.40 vs. 1.07±7.63, Fib (g/L): 3.72±1.57 vs. 4.59±1.55, all P < 0.05]. No significant difference in gender, BMI, history of hypertension or diabetes, vital signs on admission, or other laboratory indicators was found between the two groups. Binary multivariate Logistic regression analysis revealed that age [odds ratio (OR) = 1.040, 95% confidence interval (95%CI) was 1.004-1.078, P = 0.030], APACHE II score (OR = 1.218, 95%CI was 1.038-1.430, P = 0.016), Hb (OR = 1.040, 95%CI was 1.014-1.068, P = 0.003), and difference between HCT and Alb (OR = 0.804, 95%CI was 0.727-0.889, P < 0.001) were independent risk factors for 28-day death of septic patients. ROC curve analysis showed that the area under the ROC curve (AUC) of difference between HCT and Alb for predicting 28-day death of septic patients was 0.764 (95%CI was 0.679-0.849, P < 0.001). A cut-off value of difference between HCT and Alb ≤ -5.35 yielded a sensitivity of 80.7% and specificity of 65.0%. CONCLUSIONS The difference between HCT and Alb at early admission is a valuable predictor of prognosis in septic patients. A difference ≤ -5.35 indicates an increased death risk of septic patients.
Humans ; Prognosis ; Sepsis/blood* ; Retrospective Studies ; Hematocrit ; Serum Albumin/analysis* ; Male ; Female ; Middle Aged ; Aged ; APACHE

Objective : To investigate the prevalence of negative emotions in hospitalized youth patients with type 2 diabetes(T2DM) and its correlation with coping strategies and psychological resilience. Methods : 141 youth T2DM patients who met the research standards were selected. Blood glucose related indicators, blood pressure, body mass index(BMI), diabetes chronic complications screening results and other data were collected. The basic information and disease related information questionnaire, self-rating depression scale(SDS), self-rating anxiety scale(SAS), diabetes distress scale(DDS), medical coping modes questionnaire(MCMQ) and Connor-Davidson resilience scale(CD-RISC) were completed. Results: Among 141 hospitalized youth T2DM patients, 37.6% were combined with depression, 32.6% were combined with anxiety, and 35.5% were combined with diabetic distress(DD). Univariate analysis showed that systolic blood pressure(P<0.01), educational level, and the form of hospitalization expenses(P<0.05) were significantly correlated with depression. Marital status(P<0.01), family residence, blood glucose monitoring methods, and the last fasting blood glucose(P<0.05) were significantly correlated with anxiety. BMI, whether it was first diagnosed or treated(P<0.01), gender, occupation, disease course, weekly blood glucose monitoring frequency, and the presence of chronic complications(P<0.05) were significantly correlated with DD. In multivariate analysis, systolic blood pressure(P<0.01), educational level, and the form of hospitalization expenses were significantly correlated with depression, marital status(P<0.05) was significantly correlated with anxiety; BMI and weekly blood glucose monitoring frequency(P<0.01) were significantly correlated with DD. SDS, SAS, total scores and dimensions of DDS were negatively correlated with the total score and dimensions of CD-RISC(rs=-0.182--0.467, P<0.05 or 0.01), and positively correlated with the yielding coping strategies(rs=0.177-0.271,P<0.05 or 0.01). SAS,total scores and dimensions of DDS were positively correlated with avoiding coping strategies(rs=0.237-0.419,P<0.05 or 0.01). The total and dimensions of CD-RISC were positively correlated with facing coping strategies(rs=0.215-0.349,P<0.05 or 0.01),and negatively correlated with yielding coping strategies(rs=-0.234--0.325,P<0.01). Conclusion More than 30% of hospitalized youth T2DM may experience negative emotions such as depression,anxiety,and DD. The occurrence of negative emotions in such patients may be related to disease management or socio-economic issues such as systolic blood pressure,educational level,hospitalization expenses,marital status,BMI,and frequency of blood glucose monitoring,as well as decreased psychological resilience and negative coping strategies.

In the 1950s and 1960s,Japan's implementation of policies prioritizing economic develop-ment caused a lack of effective supervision over the discharge of industrial wastewater and exhaust gases,which led to the occurrence of the"Four Major Pollution Diseases",including Minamata disease,causing serious social and public health problems.To more effectively address public nuisances and pro-vide compensation to victims,the Japanese government gradually established an environmental damage compensation system with administrative relief characteristics since the 1970s.Through long-term prac-tice and system optimization,this system has evolved into a mature institutional framework with a clear division of labor and efficient collaboration.This paper systematically reviews the development process of Japan's environmental damage compensation system and deeply analyzes its legal frame-work and supporting policies,aiming to provide useful references for the construction and improve-ment of China's environmental damage compensation system.Meanwhile,through the case analysis of Minamata disease,the paper explores the specific mechanisms and effects in the compensation practices,further revealing the system's operational characteristics and implications,and providing a reference ba-sis for the construction of China's environmental governance legal system.

Objective To study the role of photobiomodulation(PBM)in promoting the repair of spinal cord injury(SCI)by regulating microglial cells.Methods Forty-five C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into the sham operation(Sham)group,surgery(SCI)group and the treatment(SCI+PBM)group,with 15 mice in each.After laminectomy of the T10 vertebral body in the three groups of mice,the SCI group and the SCI+PBM group were used to construct the model of spinal cord hemisection.The SCI+PBM group received immediate PBM treatment after spinal cord injury,while the other two groups did not.On the 1st,3rd,7th,14th,21st and 28th days(D1,D3,D7,D14,D21,D28)after the operation,the Basso Mouse Scale(BMS)was used to assess the recovery of the hind limb motor function of the mice.On the 28th day post operatively,immunofluorescence was used to detect the changes of neurons in the areas of injury in the three groups of mice.Quantitative real-time PCR and Western blotting experiments were used to detect the phenotypic changes of BV2 cells under the interventions of PBM with inflammatory stimulation.Western blotting experiments were conducted to detect the effects of PBM on the nuclear factor kappa-B(NF-κB)pathway.Results On the 28th day after the operation,the results of the mouse motor assessment showed that the BMS scores and related behaviors of the mice in the SCI+PBM group were better than those of the mice in the SCI group(P＜0.05),and the neurons in the SCI+PBM group far outnumbered those in the SCI group(P＜0.05).The results of quantitative real-time PCR and Western blotting experiments showed that on the 14th day after the operation,PBM promoted the activation of M2-type microglial cells in vivo but inhibited the activation of M1-type microglial cells.In vitro experiments confirmed that PBM could promote the polarization of BV2 cells towards M2-type microglial cells.In addition,PBM inhibited the activation of the NF-κB pathway in injured spinal cords and in activated BV2 cells.Conclusion PBM can promote the repair of spinal cord injury in SCI mice by promoting microglial cells through inhibiting the NF-κB pathway.

Transformer models have emerged as pivotal tools within the realm of drug discovery,distinguished by their unique architectural features and exceptional performance in managing intricate data landscapes.Leveraging the innate capabilities of transformer architectures to comprehend intricate hierarchical dependencies inherent in sequential data,these models showcase remarkable efficacy across various tasks,including new drug design and drug target identification.The adaptability of pre-trained trans-former-based models renders them indispensable assets for driving data-centric advancements in drug discovery,chemistry,and biology,furnishing a robust framework that expedites innovation and dis-covery within these domains.Beyond their technical prowess,the success of transformer-based models in drug discovery,chemistry,and biology extends to their interdisciplinary potential,seamlessly combining biological,physical,chemical,and pharmacological insights to bridge gaps across diverse disciplines.This integrative approach not only enhances the depth and breadth of research endeavors but also fosters synergistic collaborations and exchange of ideas among disparate fields.In our review,we elucidate the myriad applications of transformers in drug discovery,as well as chemistry and biology,spanning from protein design and protein engineering,to molecular dynamics(MD),drug target iden-tification,transformer-enabled drug virtual screening(VS),drug lead optimization,drug addiction,small data set challenges,chemical and biological image analysis,chemical language understanding,and single cell data.Finally,we conclude the survey by deliberating on promising trends in transformer models within the context of drug discovery and other sciences.