Due to its synergistic effects and reduced side effects, combination therapy has become an important strategy for treating complex diseases. In traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), the "monarch, minister, assistant, envoy" compatibilities theory provides a systematic framework for drug compatibility and has guided the formation of a large number of classic formulas. However, due to the complex compositions and diverse mechanisms of action of TCM, it is difficult to comprehensively reveal its potential synergistic patterns using traditional methods. Synergistic prediction based on molecular compatibility theory provides new ideas for identifying combinations of active compounds in TCM. Compared to resource-intensive traditional experimental methods, artificial intelligence possesses the ability to mine synergistic patterns from multi-omics and structural data, providing an efficient means for modeling and optimizing TCM combinations. This paper systematically reviews the application progress of AI in the synergistic prediction of TCM active compounds and explores the challenges and prospects of its application in modeling combination relationships, thereby contributing to the modernization of TCM theory and methodological innovation.
Artificial Intelligence ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional/methods* ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/pharmacology* ; Humans ; Drug Synergism

Objective To explore the mechanism of action of Neiyi Soft Extract in the treatment of endometriosis(EMS)based on network pharmacology and transcriptomics.Methods A model of SD rat with EMS was replicated by autotransplantation method.After successful modeling,the rats were randomly divided into model group,Neiyi Soft Extract low-,medium-and high-dose groups and dienogest group,with 10 rats in each group.Another sham-operated group(10 rats)was set up.After four consecutive weeks of intervention,the volume size of the endometriotic lesions was measured,and its pathological changes were detected by hematoxylin-eosin(HE)staining.RNA was extracted from the rat lesions for transcriptomic sequencing,and Gene Ontology(GO)enrichment analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)functional enrichment analysis were performed on the differential genes among various groups.The main active ingredients and their targets of Neiyi Soft Extract were collected and screened in databases such as TCMSP,the disease targets of EMS were collected through databases such as OMIM,the intersection targets between the drug ingredient targets and the diseases were obtained by using Venn diagrams,GO enrichment analysis and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis of genes in the intersection targets of the drug ingredients and the diseases were performed by using gene enrichment analysis online tool(Metascape).The network pharmacology enrichment pathway and transcriptomics enrichment pathway were taken for intersection,the mRNA and protein expression levels of the key targets on the intersection pathway were correspondingly detected by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction(qPCR)and Western Blot,respectively.Results The volume of lesions in the model group was significantly increased compared with that of the sham-operated group(P<0.01);the volume of lesions in rats in the drug-administered groups was significantly reduced compared with that of the model group(P<0.05).A total of 341 active ingredients were obtained from Neiyi Soft Extract,and there were 2 178 disease-related targets of EMS,and 278 intersections between drug targets and disease targets;189 differential genes were screened in the sham-operated group and the model group;255 differential genes were screened in the model group and Neiyi Soft Extract high-dose group;and 740 differential genes were screened in the sham-operated group and the Neiyi Soft Extract high-dose group,including 390 up-regulated genes and 350 down-regulated genes.The result of intersection of KEGG enrichment pathways between the network pharmacology and transcriptomics showed that the distriution mainly included P53 signaling pathway,FOXO signaling pathway,cell cycle,etc.The qPCR and Western Blot validation results showed that Neiyi Soft Extract could inhibit the proliferation of endometrial stromal cells and up-regulated the mRNA and protein expression levels of BAX,Caspase3 in EMS rats(P<0.05 or P<0.01),and down-regulated BCL-2 mRNA and protein expression levels(P<0.05 or P<0.01).Conclusion Neiyi Soft Extract may play a therapeutic role in the treatment of EMS by regulating the P53 signaling pathway.

B lymphocyte is an important component of the human immune system and it has a role in the process of the body's specific immunity. In recent years, the research on B cells and tumor immune escape has rapidly progressed. Studies have shown that different types of B cells play different roles in tumor microenvironment through a variety of mechanisms. B cells in the tertiary lymphatic structure promote anti-tumor immunity, while regulatory B cells promote tumor immune escape. Antibody drugs targeting B cells are a promising direction for tumor immunotherapy.
B-Lymphocytes/pathology* ; Humans ; Immunotherapy ; Neoplasms/therapy* ; Tumor Escape ; Tumor Microenvironment

The economic evaluation compares the costs and effectiveness of different strategies for osteoporosis prevention and treatment to facilitate decision-making. In this paper, international and Chinese economic evaluation studies on osteoporosis prevention strategies were reviewed and results were summarized. We have found that the research design and quality of reporting need to be improved. Furthermore, both general and osteoporosis-specific health economic evaluation guidelines were introduced to improve the quality of economic evaluation in osteoporosis in China. Accuracy and integrity of data used in economic evaluation also should be improved.

In the context of the "Belt and Road" initiative, We systematically analyzed the general education and training systems of 16 Western Pacific countries and regions, including general practitioner college education, post-graduation education, and faculty status. Developed countries and regions have a long-term medical education system, strong faculty, and a comprehensive training model for general practitioners. Underdeveloped countries and regions are relatively weak in educational institutions, faculty, and general practitioner training models. The underdeveloped countries and regions should develop a general medical education and training system in terms of strengthening the construction of general medical disciplines, strengthening the supervision and certification of general practitioners, improving the general medical training model, and strengthening the construction of teachers.

Since December 2019, the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has rapidly swept across the country, posing great challenges to the public health in China. In the epidemic prevention and control, primary care practitioners play a very important role in patient triage, home-based visit, follow-up as well as screening at the checkpoints. However, due to the lack of necessary protective equipment and heavy workload, primary care practitioners are facing great challenges in containing the epidemic outbreak. Based on the relevant guidelines and practice in primary care, this article summarizes the challenges primary care practitioners encountered and coping strategies for containing the epidemic outbreak in primary care settings to provide reference for improvement of their working quality.

Unreasonable growth of total health expenditure at various extent has been found to be prevalent among many countries for a long time. Thus how to deal with this global public health challenge has become a hot topic among the consumers, providers, and payers alike. Echoing the global trend of value-based healthcare, value-based management of total health expenditure could be a direction of cost containment in the future. Through promoting the rational development of healthcare industry, assisting the decision-making of health insurance authority, improving health authority′s supervision of health technology allocation and utilization, maximizing resource utilization efficiency at hospitals, standardizing physician practices, guiding patients′ medication preferences and behaviors, health technology assessment could mobilize stakeholders′ participation in the value-based management of total health expenditure and serve as an important decision-making tool to optimize the allocation and utilization of scarce health resources, reducing and avoiding waste in healthcare sector, and promoting high-value and sustainable development of total health expenditure.

Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of regional electrocardiographic consultation network for primary medical institutions.Methods A distance electrocardiographic ( ECG ) consultation center was established in Yuyao People′s Hospital in September 2012, which was connected to 56 regional primary medical through internet.The online consultation was provided by ECG specialists in the center for general practitioners in regional primary health care institutions.Additionally, the ECG training course was also conducted monthly for general practitioners.The 2-year data of ECG consultation were retrospectively reviewed and the effectiveness of the consultation network was evaluated.Results During the past two years, 86 593 electrocardiograms were uploaded by primary medical institutions, in which 3 976 were required for consultation. The monthly number of electrocardiograms sent by general practitioners was increased from 3 269 ±290 in the first year to 3 947 ±376 in the second year ( P<0.01 ) .However, the requirements of ECG consultation were not significantly different between two years.Compared to the first year, the rates of consultation requirements, misdiagnosis and missed diagnosis for ECGs of atrial and ventricular premature beats, atrial fibrillation, supraventricular tachycardia, left and right bundle branch blocks,ⅠandⅡdegree atrioventricular blocks and myocardial infarction were significantly decreased ( all P<0.05) in the second year;meanwhile there was a tendency towards the reduction for ECGs of atrial flutter and Ⅲ degree atrioventricular block in the second year.Conclusion The regional electrocardiographic consultation network is effective to improve the capability of primary medical institutions in electrocardiographic diagnosis.