ObjectiveTo investigate whether Huanglian Jiedutang （HLJD） and its major active constituents （geniposide， baicalin， and berberine） can inhibit the inflammatory response of BV2 cells under lipopolysaccharide （LPS） stimulation via the high-mobility group protein B1 （HMGB1）/Toll-like receptor 4 （TLR4）/nuclear factor-κB （NF-κB） signaling pathway， and to explore differences in therapeutic efficacy among the three monomers， their combined formula， and HLJD under equal content ratios. MethodsBV2 microglial cells were used as the primary experimental model. Cell viability was assessed using the cell counting kit-8 （CCK-8） method to examine the effects of different concentrations of dimethyl sulfoxide （DMSO， 0.8%， 0.4%， 0.2%， 0.1%， and 0.05%） on cell viability. IncuCyte was employed to monitor the growth of cells under different concentrations of HLJD （200， 100， 50， 25， 12.5， 6.25 mg·L^-1）. Nitric oxide （NO） assay was used to screen the optimal HLJD concentration. High-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC） determined the content of geniposide， baicalin， and berberine in HLJD， and experimental groups were subsequently established according to the relative proportions of these constituents. CCK-8 assay evaluated cell viability under different treatments. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA） measured levels of inflammatory factors （TNF-α， IL-1β， IL-6， IL-10） in the supernatant. Flow cytometry assessed the effects of treatments on M1-type polarization of BV2 cells. Western blot determined the expression levels of HMGB1， TLR4， and NF-κB-related proteins. ResultsCompared with the blank group， DMSO at concentrations ≤0.2% did not affect cell viability within 48 h. BV2 cell growth plateaued at 24 h after treatment with 200 mg·L^-1 HLJD. Under stimulation with 2 mg·L^-1 LPS， this concentration of HLJD effectively reduced NO release， and 6 h pre-treatment had a stronger inhibitory effect on NO than direct administration. HPLC results showed that 1 mg of HLJD freeze-dried powder contained approximately 24 μg of geniposide， 15 μg of baicalin， and 30 μg of berberine. Based on these ratios， experimental groups were blank， LPS （2 mg·L^-1）， HLJD （200 mg·L^-1）， monomer combination， geniposide （4.8 mg·L^-1）， baicalin （3 mg·L^-1）， and berberine （6 mg·L^-1）. The monomer combination group consisted of all three active constituents dissolved together. LPS and HLJD or its active constituents did not affect cell viability compared with the blank group. LPS significantly increased TNF-α， IL-1β， IL-6， and IL-10 in the supernatant （P<0.01）. HLJD and its active constituents significantly reduced pro-inflammatory factors TNF-α， IL-1β， and IL-6 （P<0.05， P<0.01） while upregulating anti-inflammatory IL-10 （P<0.01）， with the monomer combination showing the strongest effect （P<0.05， P<0.01）. Compared with the blank group， LPS significantly increased the proportion of CD80⁺CD86⁺ （M1-type） BV2 cells （P<0.01）. HLJD and its constituents partially inhibited M1 polarization （P<0.05， P<0.01）， with the monomer combination exhibiting the most pronounced effect （P<0.05， P<0.01）. Compared with the blank group， LPS upregulated HMGB1， TLR4， and NF-κB-related proteins （P<0.01）， whereas HLJD and its active constituents significantly reduced their expression （P<0.05， P<0.01）， with the monomer combination having the strongest regulatory effect （P<0.05， P<0.01）. ConclusionHLJD and its major active constituents （geniposide， baicalin， berberine） can inhibit LPS-induced inflammatory responses in BV2 cells. The combination of the three active constituents demonstrates the most potent anti-inflammatory effect， significantly attenuating M1-type polarization of BV2 cells via the HMGB1/TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway.

Huanglian Jiedutang （HLJDT）， as a classical formula for clearing heat and removing toxins， has been widely applied in the treatment of various clinical diseases in recent years， particularly during the fire-heat stage of stroke， where it has attracted considerable attention. Based on previous studies， this paper systematically elaborates on the research progress on the active components of HLJDT， its clinical application in ischemic stroke， and advances in studies on its mechanisms of action. Modern pharmacological studies have demonstrated that HLJDT contains multiple active components， including baicalin， geniposide， and berberine. In the treatment of ischemic stroke， these components exert therapeutic effects through multi-target， multi-pathway， and multi-level mechanisms. Clinical studies have shown that HLJDT can increase cerebral blood flow， reduce cerebral infarct volume， and improve post-stroke physical dysfunction in patients with ischemic stroke. Experimental studies have indicated that HLJDT can improve neurological function scores and increase cerebral perfusion in experimental stroke models. In addition， the mechanisms underlying the anti-ischemic stroke effects of HLJDT may be related to anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities， promotion of angiogenesis， and regulation of amino acid and energy metabolism. Although existing studies have confirmed that HLJDT exhibits multi-target and multi-pathway synergistic therapeutic characteristics， further large-sample randomized controlled trials are still needed to verify its long-term efficacy and to further elucidate the dynamic interaction network among components， targets， and pathways. Combined with network pharmacology and molecular docking analyses， this study further clarifies the synergistic targets of the core components （berberine， baicalin， and geniposide）， providing a theoretical basis for in-depth research and clinical translation of HLJDT in the treatment of ischemic stroke.

Cholelithiasis, a prevalent disease of the digestive system, is characterized by its intricate and diverse mechanisms, which are influenced by a complex interplay of genetic, environmental, lifestyle, and other factors. Recently, with the widespread application of molecular biology techniques, the role of the biliary tract microecological environment in the pathogenesis of gallstones has garnered increasing attention. This review includes the most recent and pertinent literature on the association between biliary tract microecology and gallstones, summarizing the latest research advancements in this field. Furthermore, it delves into the role of the biliary tract microecology in the formation of both cholesterol and pigment gallstones.

This paper reviews the origin, content and framework, evaluation tools, and application status of Snyder hope theory in clinical nursing practice both domestically and internationally, and explores the application prospects of Snyder hope theory, aiming to provide a basis for promoting its development in nursing.

The development of gastritis is associated with an increased risk of gastric cancer. Current invasive gastritis diagnostic methods are not suitable for monitoring progress. In this work based on 78 gastritis patients and 50 healthy individuals, we observed that the variation of tongue-coating microbiota was associated with the occurrence and development of gastritis. Twenty-one microbial species were identified for differentiating tongue-coating microbiomes of gastritis and healthy individuals. Pathways such as microbial metabolism in diverse environments, biosynthesis of antibiotics and bacterial chemotaxis were up-regulated in gastritis patients. The abundance of Campylobacter concisus was found associated with the gastric precancerous cascade. Furthermore, Campylobacter concisus could be detected in tongue coating and gastric fluid in a validation cohort containing 38 gastritis patients. These observations provided biological evidence of tongue diagnosis in traditional Chinese medicine, and indicated that tongue-coating microbiome could be a potential non-invasive biomarker, which might be suitable for long-term monitoring of gastritis.

Objective To identify the changes in composition of gut microbiome in patients with different clinical phases of bipolar disorder(BD). Method A total of 28 healthy controls and 31 BD patients including 19 patients with manic episode(BDM group)and 12 patients with depressive episode (BDD group), were enrolled in this study. Baseline characteristics and diet were collected from all participants. Stool samples were collected to extract genomic DNA for PCR and bioinformatics analysis. 16S rRNA sequencing technology was used to obtain gut microbiome diversity among groups subsequently. QIIME was used to calculate observed species index,shannon index,simpson index,psylogenetic diversity index for each group.Linear discriminant analysis(LDA)using LEfSe software was screening for differences species among four groups. Results There was no significant difference between baseline characteristics and diet among four groups. Comparison of gut microbiome alpha diversity among groups, the gut microbiome diversity of BD group were all significantly higher than that in healthy control group,including observed species index(312.0±71.0 vs.229.3±38.6,t=5.475,P<0.01),shannon index(4.9±0.8 vs.3.7±0.9,t=5.747,P<0.01),simpson index(0.9±0.1 vs.0.8±0.1,t=4.446,P<0.01),psylogenetic diversity index(23.7±4.6 vs. 20.2±5.2,t=2.715,P<0.01),especially in BDM group.In composition of gut microbiome(LDA>4,P<0.05)the relative abundance of proteobacteria, ruminococcus, veillonella and lanchnospira in BD group were significantly higher than that in controls, but the relative abundance of bacteroides was significantly lower than that in controls. The relative abundance of enterobacteriaceae, ruminococcus, megamonas and bifidobacterium adolescentis in BDM groups were significantly higher than that in controls,while the relative abundance of bacteroides was significantly lower.The relative abundance of selenomonadales,lachnospira, eubacrerium and plebeius in BDD group were significantly higher than that in controls, while the relative abundance of plebeius was significantly lower. The relative abundance of eschericha coli and bifidobacterium adolescentis of BDM group were significantly higher than that in BDD group, while the relative abundance of stercoris in BDD group was significantly higher than that in BDM group. Conclusion The gut microbiome diversity of patients with BD may be increased and the abundance of several bacterial species changed.

Objective To identify the changes in composition of gut microbiome in patients with different clinical phases of bipolar disorder(BD). Method A total of 28 healthy controls and 31 BD patients including 19 patients with manic episode(BDM group)and 12 patients with depressive episode (BDD group), were enrolled in this study. Baseline characteristics and diet were collected from all participants. Stool samples were collected to extract genomic DNA for PCR and bioinformatics analysis. 16S rRNA sequencing technology was used to obtain gut microbiome diversity among groups subsequently. QIIME was used to calculate observed species index,shannon index,simpson index,psylogenetic diversity index for each group.Linear discriminant analysis(LDA)using LEfSe software was screening for differences species among four groups. Results There was no significant difference between baseline characteristics and diet among four groups. Comparison of gut microbiome alpha diversity among groups, the gut microbiome diversity of BD group were all significantly higher than that in healthy control group,including observed species index(312.0±71.0 vs.229.3±38.6,t=5.475,P<0.01),shannon index(4.9±0.8 vs.3.7±0.9,t=5.747,P<0.01),simpson index(0.9±0.1 vs.0.8±0.1,t=4.446,P<0.01),psylogenetic diversity index(23.7±4.6 vs. 20.2±5.2,t=2.715,P<0.01),especially in BDM group.In composition of gut microbiome(LDA>4,P<0.05)the relative abundance of proteobacteria, ruminococcus, veillonella and lanchnospira in BD group were significantly higher than that in controls, but the relative abundance of bacteroides was significantly lower than that in controls. The relative abundance of enterobacteriaceae, ruminococcus, megamonas and bifidobacterium adolescentis in BDM groups were significantly higher than that in controls,while the relative abundance of bacteroides was significantly lower.The relative abundance of selenomonadales,lachnospira, eubacrerium and plebeius in BDD group were significantly higher than that in controls, while the relative abundance of plebeius was significantly lower. The relative abundance of eschericha coli and bifidobacterium adolescentis of BDM group were significantly higher than that in BDD group, while the relative abundance of stercoris in BDD group was significantly higher than that in BDM group. Conclusion The gut microbiome diversity of patients with BD may be increased and the abundance of several bacterial species changed.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the role of Sam68 (Src-associated substrate during mitosis 68 kD) in the occurrence and development of colorectal cancer.

METHODSColorectal cancer cell lines with stable Sam68 over-expressing and low Sam68 expression were established to test the effect of Sam68 in the proliferation, invasion, and migration of the cancer cells using colony formation, MTT and Transwell assays.

RESULTSSW480 and Ls174t colorectal cell lines over-expressing Sam68 showed significantly enhanced cell proliferation, invasion and migration (P<0.05). Conversely, the low Sam68 expression in SW620 and HCT116 colorectal cell lines significantly suppressed the cell proliferation, invasion and migration (P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONThe expression of Sam68 can promote the proliferation, invasion and migration of colorectal cancer cells lines in vitro.

Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing ; metabolism ; Cell Cycle Proteins ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cell Movement ; Cell Proliferation ; Colorectal Neoplasms ; metabolism ; pathology ; DNA-Binding Proteins ; metabolism ; Humans ; RNA-Binding Proteins ; metabolism

Objective To investigate the role of Sam68 (Src-associated substrate during mitosis 68 kD) in the occurrence and development of colorectal cancer. Methods Colorectal cancer cell lines with stable Sam68 over-expressing and low Sam68 expression were established to test the effect of Sam68 in the proliferation, invasion, and migration of the cancer cells using colony formation, MTT and Transwell assays. Results SW480 and Ls174t colorectal cell lines over-expressing Sam68 showed significantly enhanced cell proliferation, invasion and migration (P<0.05). Conversely, the low Sam68 expression in SW620 and HCT116 colorectal cell lines significantly suppressed the cell proliferation, invasion and migration (P<0.05). Conclusion The expression of Sam68 can promote the proliferation, invasion and migration of colorectal cancer cells lines in vitro.

Objective To investigate the role of Sam68 (Src-associated substrate during mitosis 68 kD) in the occurrence and development of colorectal cancer. Methods Colorectal cancer cell lines with stable Sam68 over-expressing and low Sam68 expression were established to test the effect of Sam68 in the proliferation, invasion, and migration of the cancer cells using colony formation, MTT and Transwell assays. Results SW480 and Ls174t colorectal cell lines over-expressing Sam68 showed significantly enhanced cell proliferation, invasion and migration (P<0.05). Conversely, the low Sam68 expression in SW620 and HCT116 colorectal cell lines significantly suppressed the cell proliferation, invasion and migration (P<0.05). Conclusion The expression of Sam68 can promote the proliferation, invasion and migration of colorectal cancer cells lines in vitro.