Objective To analyze the distribution characteristics of infectious respiratory particles(IRPs)in hospi-tal waiting rooms,and explore the impact of indoor air environmental on the distribution characteristics of bacterial IRPs.Methods In the summer and winter of 2024,nine waiting rooms in non-infectious departments of three ter-tiary hospitals in a district of Beijing were selected for on-site investigation on basic conditions.Concentration and distribution of particle diameter of cultivable bacteria from 36 air specimens collected by the impacting method were analyzed.Cyclone method was employed to collect 36 IRPs specimens.Major respiratory pathogens were analyzed by fluorescence polymerase chain reaction(PCR).Results The median of the total bacterial count in IRPs in the waiting rooms in summer was 1 035 CFU/m3,which was higher than that in winter(295 CFU/m3),with statisti-cally significant difference(P＜0.05).The orders of medians of the total bacterial count from IRPs of different types in the waiting rooms in both summer and winter were as follows:emergency department waiting room＜re-spiratory department waiting room＜pediatric waiting room＜general outpatient waiting room.There was no sta-tistically significant difference in the total bacterial count among different waiting rooms(P＞0.05).Particle diame-ter of bacterial IRPs in the waiting rooms in summer and winter mainly distributed in the range of＜4.7 μm,ac-counting for 73.77％and 69.44％,respectively.The total number of bacteria in IRPs in the waiting rooms was positively correlated with indoor air temperature,relative humidity,PM10,and PM2.5(all P＜0.01),while nega-tively correlated with indoor wind speed(all P＜0.01).The types of respiratory infectious and non-infectious pathogens detected from IRPs in different types of waiting rooms were different between summer and winter.The pathogens detected in summer were mainly concentrated in respiratory non-infectious pathogens(Escherichia coli,Klebsiella pneumoniae,Staphylococcus aureus).In winter,respiratory infectious pathogens(virus and Mycoplas-ma pneumoniae)were detected.The types of detected pathogens in different types of waiting rooms were different.Non-infectious respiratory pathogens detected from IRPs in winter were mainly Escherichia coli,Klebsiella pneumoniae,and Staphylococcus aureus.Conclusion Particle diameter of bacterial IRPs in the waiting room is mainly＜4.7 μm.These particles can enter the lower respiratory tract of human body,and pose potential risk to health.The detection of main infectious and non-infectious respiratory pathogens from IRPs in waiting rooms suggests risk of exposure to infection for patients and healthcare workers.

Debates persist regarding the efficacy and safety of azvudine, particularly its real-world outcomes. This study involved patients aged ≥60 years who were admitted to 25 hospitals in mainland China with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection between December 1, 2022, and February 28, 2023. Efficacy outcomes were all-cause mortality during hospitalization, the proportion of patients discharged with recovery, time to nucleic acid-negative conversion (T _NANC), time to symptom improvement (T _SI), and time of hospital stay (T _HS). Safety was also assessed. Among the 5884 participants identified, 1999 received azvudine, and 1999 matched controls were included after exclusion and propensity score matching. Azvudine recipients exhibited lower all-cause mortality compared with controls in the overall population (13.3% vs. 17.1%, RR, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.67-0.90; P = 0.001) and in the severe subgroup (25.7% vs. 33.7%; RR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.66-0.88; P < 0.001). A higher proportion of patients discharged with recovery, and a shorter T _NANC were associated with azvudine recipients, especially in the severe subgroup. The incidence of adverse events in azvudine recipients was comparable to that in the control group (2.3% vs. 1.7%, P = 0.170). In conclusion, azvudine showed efficacy and safety in older patients hospitalized with COVID-19 during the SARS-CoV-2 omicron wave in China.

Objective To analyze the distribution characteristics of infectious respiratory particles(IRPs)in hospi-tal waiting rooms,and explore the impact of indoor air environmental on the distribution characteristics of bacterial IRPs.Methods In the summer and winter of 2024,nine waiting rooms in non-infectious departments of three ter-tiary hospitals in a district of Beijing were selected for on-site investigation on basic conditions.Concentration and distribution of particle diameter of cultivable bacteria from 36 air specimens collected by the impacting method were analyzed.Cyclone method was employed to collect 36 IRPs specimens.Major respiratory pathogens were analyzed by fluorescence polymerase chain reaction(PCR).Results The median of the total bacterial count in IRPs in the waiting rooms in summer was 1 035 CFU/m3,which was higher than that in winter(295 CFU/m3),with statisti-cally significant difference(P＜0.05).The orders of medians of the total bacterial count from IRPs of different types in the waiting rooms in both summer and winter were as follows:emergency department waiting room＜re-spiratory department waiting room＜pediatric waiting room＜general outpatient waiting room.There was no sta-tistically significant difference in the total bacterial count among different waiting rooms(P＞0.05).Particle diame-ter of bacterial IRPs in the waiting rooms in summer and winter mainly distributed in the range of＜4.7 μm,ac-counting for 73.77％and 69.44％,respectively.The total number of bacteria in IRPs in the waiting rooms was positively correlated with indoor air temperature,relative humidity,PM10,and PM2.5(all P＜0.01),while nega-tively correlated with indoor wind speed(all P＜0.01).The types of respiratory infectious and non-infectious pathogens detected from IRPs in different types of waiting rooms were different between summer and winter.The pathogens detected in summer were mainly concentrated in respiratory non-infectious pathogens(Escherichia coli,Klebsiella pneumoniae,Staphylococcus aureus).In winter,respiratory infectious pathogens(virus and Mycoplas-ma pneumoniae)were detected.The types of detected pathogens in different types of waiting rooms were different.Non-infectious respiratory pathogens detected from IRPs in winter were mainly Escherichia coli,Klebsiella pneumoniae,and Staphylococcus aureus.Conclusion Particle diameter of bacterial IRPs in the waiting room is mainly＜4.7 μm.These particles can enter the lower respiratory tract of human body,and pose potential risk to health.The detection of main infectious and non-infectious respiratory pathogens from IRPs in waiting rooms suggests risk of exposure to infection for patients and healthcare workers.

Objective:To observe the role of complement C3 in the process of renal interstitial fibrosis.Methods:Renal interstitial fibrosis model was established by unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) in male C3-deficient (C3KO) mice and age-matched C57BL/6 wild type (WT) mice (8-12 weeks of age). Mice were randomly divided into 4 groups, including sham operation in WT group (WTcontrol) ( n=6), UUO operation in WT group (WTuuo) ( n=6), sham operation in C3-deficient group (C3KOcontrol) ( n=6), and UUO operation in C3-deficient group (C3KOuuo) ( n=6). Tubular interstitial fibrosis was observed by both HE staining and Masson staining. The expression of C3, trypsin (tryptase), angiotensinⅡ (AngⅡ), transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1), and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) was detected by immunohistochemical staining. Chymase level were assessed by immunofluorescence staining. The levels of AngⅡ and C3 cleavage fragments C3a and MMP-9 were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The change in renin mRNA was determined by real-time PCR. The changes of chymase, renin, and TGF-β1 were detected by Western blotting. Results:Compared with the WTcontrol group mice, the WTuuo group mice showed significant renal tubular injury, renal interstitial fibrosis, increased infiltration of mast cells, and significantly increased expression of C3, C3a, chymase, renin, AngⅡ, TGF-β1, and MMP-9 in the renal tissue (all P<0.05). Compared with the WTuuo group mice, the renal tubular injury and renal interstitial fibrosis in the C3KOuuo group mice were significantly reduced, and C3 and C3a were not detected in renal tissue. Mast cells infiltration was reduced, and the expression of chymase, renin, AngⅡ, TGF-β1, and MMP-9 was weakened (all P<0.05). Conclusion:C3/C3a can participate in the recruitment and activation of mast cells to release chymase in kidney interstitial fibrosis, and promote the expression of renin, AngⅡ, TGF-β1, MMP 9 and other substances, thus aggravating kidney injury.

Objective:To observe the role of complement C3 in the process of renal interstitial fibrosis.Methods:Renal interstitial fibrosis model was established by unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) in male C3-deficient (C3KO) mice and age-matched C57BL/6 wild type (WT) mice (8-12 weeks of age). Mice were randomly divided into 4 groups, including sham operation in WT group (WTcontrol) ( n=6), UUO operation in WT group (WTuuo) ( n=6), sham operation in C3-deficient group (C3KOcontrol) ( n=6), and UUO operation in C3-deficient group (C3KOuuo) ( n=6). Tubular interstitial fibrosis was observed by both HE staining and Masson staining. The expression of C3, trypsin (tryptase), angiotensinⅡ (AngⅡ), transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1), and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) was detected by immunohistochemical staining. Chymase level were assessed by immunofluorescence staining. The levels of AngⅡ and C3 cleavage fragments C3a and MMP-9 were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The change in renin mRNA was determined by real-time PCR. The changes of chymase, renin, and TGF-β1 were detected by Western blotting. Results:Compared with the WTcontrol group mice, the WTuuo group mice showed significant renal tubular injury, renal interstitial fibrosis, increased infiltration of mast cells, and significantly increased expression of C3, C3a, chymase, renin, AngⅡ, TGF-β1, and MMP-9 in the renal tissue (all P<0.05). Compared with the WTuuo group mice, the renal tubular injury and renal interstitial fibrosis in the C3KOuuo group mice were significantly reduced, and C3 and C3a were not detected in renal tissue. Mast cells infiltration was reduced, and the expression of chymase, renin, AngⅡ, TGF-β1, and MMP-9 was weakened (all P<0.05). Conclusion:C3/C3a can participate in the recruitment and activation of mast cells to release chymase in kidney interstitial fibrosis, and promote the expression of renin, AngⅡ, TGF-β1, MMP 9 and other substances, thus aggravating kidney injury.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effectiveness， safety， economy， innovation， suitability and accessibility of recombinant Mycobacterium tuberculosis fusion protein （EC）， and to provide evidence for selecting skin detection methods for tuberculosis infection diagnosis and auxiliary diagnosis of tuberculosis. METHODS The effectiveness and safety of EC compared with purified protein derivative of tuberculin （TB-PPD） were analyzed by the method of systematic review. Cost minimization analysis， cost-effectiveness analysis and cost-utility analysis were used to evaluate the short-term economy of EC compared with TB-PPD， and cost-utility analysis was used to evaluate the long-term economy. The evaluation dimensions of innovation， suitability and accessibility were determined by systematic review and improved Delphi expert consultation， and the comprehensive score of EC and TB-PPD in each dimension were calculated by the weight of each indicator. RESULTS The scores of effectiveness， safety， economy， innovation and suitability of EC were all higher than those of TB-PPD. The affordability scores of the two drugs were consistent， while the availability score of EC was lower than those of TB-PPD. After considering dimensions and index weight， the scores of effectiveness， safety， economy， innovation， suitability， accessibility and the comprehensive score of EC were all higher than those of TB-PPD. CONCLUSIONS Compared with TB-PPD， EC performs better in all dimensions of effectiveness， safety， economy， innovation， suitability and accessibility. However， it is worth noting that EC should further improve its availability in the dimension of accessibility.

AIM: To evaluate the risk of drug-related dysphagia in elder people based on the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS). METHODS: We collected the reports of dysphagia in elder people (Age≥65) from 2004 quarter 1 through 2022 quarter 2 of FAERS by Open Vigil 2.1 database. The reported odds ratio (ROR) and the proportional reported ratio (PRR) were calculated to detect the adverse reaction signal of drug-induced dysphagia in elder people. Signal generation standard of ROR: number of reports≥3 with the lower limit of 95% confidence interval (CI) of the ROR value>1, PRR≥2 and c

Objective To investigate the role of the group IB secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2-IB) and M-type phospholipase A2 receptor (PLA2R) in human podocyte injury and its possible signal transduction pathway.Methods Differentiated human podocytes were exposed to PBS or different sPLA2-IB concentration conditions (10-9,10-7,10-5 mol/L) for 2 hours.The wound healing assay was used to measure cell migration rate;Apoptosis in cultured human podocytes was assessed by Hoechst 33342 staining and flow cytometry;Western blot was used to analyze the protein expression of p-cPLA2α,p-p38,and p53.Then control siRNA or PLA2R siRNA were transfected to podocytes.Podocytes were divided into normal control group,negative control siRNA group and PLA2R siRNA group.Twenty four hous later,the cells were stimulated by 105 mol/L sPLA2-IB for 2 hours.The protein expression of p-cPLA2α,p-p38,and p53 were detected by Western blot.Results Compared to PBS control group,the migration ability of podocytes decreased when stimulated with sPLA2-IB (10-7mol/L-10-5 mol/L),and the apoptosis of podocytes increased in a concentration-dependent manner,the protein level of p-cPLA2α,p-p38 and p53 protein increased too.After the knockdown of PLA2R by PLA2R siRNA transfection,stimulated the podocytes with the same dosage of sPLA2-IB,the protein expression of p-cPLA2α,p-p38 and p53 all decreased.Conclusion sPLA2-IB stimulation can increase human podocyte apoptosis and decrease its migration ability.The possible mechanism might be through p38-cPLA2α-p53 pathway.

Objective To investigate the effect of celastrol on space learning capability and expressions of beta-amyloid (Aβ) 40 and Aβ42 in hippocampus in APPswe/PS1dE9 double transgenic mouse after partial hepatolobectomy.Methods The 3-month-old APPswe/PS1dE9 double transgenic mice (n =96) were randomly divided into three groups according to the random number table method.Surgery group (group S, partial hepatolobectomy;n =32), celastrol group (group C, injections of dimethyl sulphoxide/DMSO and celastrol for 3 days before undergoing partial hepatectomy, on the surgery day, and for a further 4 days after surgery;n =32), and DMSO group (group D, injections of DMSO for 3 days before undergoing partial hepatectomy, on the surgery day, and for a further 4 days after surgery;n =32).Eight mice were selected randomly in each group and were Morris-water maze trained for continuous 5 days.Theirs learning and memory abilities were evaluated at 1,3, 7 and 14 d after surgery, respectively.Hippocampus was collected and the changes of β40 and Aβ42 were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) at the time set in advance in each group.Results The average escape latency of group C was significantly shorter than groups S and D at 3, 7 and 14 d after partial hepatectomy (P ＜ 0.05).Times of passing through the platform groups S and D were significantly less than group C (P ＜ 0.05).The expressions of Aβ40/Aβ42 in group C were lower than group S and group D at 1, 3, 7 and 14 d after partial hepatectomy (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions Through decreasing the expressions of Aβ40 and Aβ42 in hippocampus,celastrol improves the space learning capability in APPswe/PS1dE9, the double transgenic mouse after partial hepatolobectomy.

Objective:To explore the efficacy and feasibility of percutaneous point incision dralnage in patients with chronic venous insufficiency(CVI) combined with lipodermatosclerosis(LDS) .Methods:A total of 60 patients with CVI combined with LDS were randomly divided into the experiment group and the control group ,with 30 patients in each .High ligation and stripping on superficial veins of lower limbs and ligation on perforating veins of lower limbs combined with percutaneous point incision dralnage were conducted in the experiment group ,while high ligation and stripping on superficial veins of lower limbs and ligation on perforating veins of lower limbs was conducted in the control group .The thickness of subcutaneous sclerosis , the venous clinical severity score(VCSS) ,the chronic venous insufficiency questionnalre(CIVIQ) and the level of transforming growth factor‐β1(TGF‐β1) were compared between the two groups after the operations .Results:After the operations ,the patients had been followed up for 6 to 12 months with an average of 8 .6 months ,and the follow‐up rate was 100% .The clinical manifestation of LDS in the experiment group was relieved faster than that in the control group .There were 7 cases ,2 cases with subcutaneous induration at 3 months ,6 months after operation ,respectively ,in the experiment group ,while there were 22 cases ,15 cases ,respectively ,in the control group(P<0 .01) .VCSS was lower ,while CIVIQ was better ,in the experiment group ,than that in the control group ,at 1 ,3 ,6 month after surgery(P<0 .01) .The level of TGF‐β1 in the experiment group was significantly lower than that in the control group at 1 month after surgery (P< 0 .05) .Conclusions:High ligation and stripping on superficial veins of lower limbs and ligation on perforating veins of low limbs ,combined with percutaneous point incision dralnage ,demonstrated a good efficacy on CVI combined with LDS .