ObjectiveTo investigate the features of serum HBV RNA in different stages of the natural history of chronic hepatitis B virus （HBV） infection without antiviral treatment， as well as its correlation with serum HBV DNA and HBsAg. MethodsA total of 306 treatment-naïve patients with chronic HBV infection who attended Department of Infections Diseases and Hepatoloty， the Second Hospital of Shandong University from January 2023 to June 2024 were divided into six groups based on the different stages of natural history， i.e.， HBeAg-positive chronic HBV infection group with 29 patients， HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B （CHB） group with 107 patients， HBeAg-negative chronic HBV infection group with 18 patients， HBeAg-negative CHB group with 60 patients， HBeAg-positive indeterminate-phase chronic HBV infection group with 7 patients， and HBeAg-negative indeterminate-phase chronic HBV infection group with 85 patients. Real-time isothermal RNA amplification was used to measure serum high-sensitivity HBV RNA. The Kruskal-Wallis H test was used for comparison between multiple groups of continuous data， while the Mann-Whitney U test was used for comparison between two groups. The Spearman method was used to investigate the correlation of HBV RNA with HBV DNA and HBsAg. ResultsThe HBeAg-positive chronic HBV infection group showed the highest level of serum HBV RNA ［7.5 （7.4‍ ‍—‍ ‍7.9） log₁₀ copies/mL］， followed by the HBeAg-positive CHB group ［7.4 （6.4‍ ‍—‍ ‍7.9） log₁₀ copies/mL］， the HBeAg-negative CHB group ［4.5 （3.0‍ ‍—‍ ‍5.7） log₁₀ copies/mL］， and the HBeAg-negative chronic HBV infection group ［1.0 （1.0‍ ‍—‍ ‍2.0） log₁₀ copies/mL］； the HBeAg-positive indeterminate-phase chronic HBV infection group had a serum HBV RNA level of 3.9 （3.7‍ ‍—‍ ‍5.7） log₁₀ copies/mL， and the HBeAg-negative indeterminate-phase chronic HBV infection group had a serum HBV RNA level of 2.0 （1.0‍ ‍—‍ ‍3.0） log₁₀ copies/mL； there was a significant difference in serum HBV RNA level between the six groups （H=830.770， P<0.001）. There was a significant difference in HBV RNA level between the HBeAg-positive chronic HBV infection group and all the other groups except the HBeAg-positive CHB group （all P<0.001）. In the 306 patients with HBV infection， HBV RNA was strongly correlated with HBV DNA （r=0.92， P<0.001） and was moderately correlated with HBsAg （r=0.67， P<0.001）. The correlation between serum HBV RNA and HBsAg in HBeAg-positive patients （r=0.61， P<0.001） was stronger than that in HBeAg-negative patients （r=0.31， P<0.001）. For the patients with HBeAg-positive chronic HBV infection， the male patients with ALT>30 U/L and the female patients with ALT>19 U/L had a significantly lower serum HBV RNA level than the male patients with ALT≤30 U/L and the female patients with ALT≤19 U/L （P<0.001）， and there was no significant difference in serum HBV RNA level between the latter group of patients and the HBeAg-positive CHB group （P>0.05）. ConclusionIn patients with chronic HBV infection who do not receive antiviral therapy， there is a difference in serum HBV RNA level in different stages of natural history， and serum HBV RNA level has the strongest correlation with HBV DNA and a relatively weak correlation with HBsAg. In patients with HBeAg-positive chronic HBV infection， serum HBV RNA level in male patients with ALT>30 U/L and female patients with ALT>19 U/L are in the transition stage between HBeAg-positive chronic HBV infection and HBeAg-positive CHB.

This comprehensive review synthesizes the latest advancements in understanding inflammatory disorders affecting cerebral small vessels, a distinct yet understudied category within cerebral small vessel diseases (SVD). Unlike classical SVD, these inflammatory conditions exhibit unique clinical presentations, imaging patterns, and pathophysiological mechanisms, posing significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. Highlighting their heterogeneity, this review spans primary angiitis of the central nervous system, cerebral amyloid angiopathy-related inflammation, systemic vasculitis, secondary vasculitis, and vasculitis in autoinflammatory diseases. Key discussions focus on emerging insights into immune-mediated processes, neuroimaging characteristics, and histopathological distinctions. Furthermore, this review underscores the importance of standardized diagnostic frameworks, individualized immunomodulation approaches, and novel targeted therapies to address unmet clinical demands.
Humans ; Cerebral Small Vessel Diseases/pathology* ; Inflammation/pathology* ; Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy/pathology* ; Vasculitis, Central Nervous System/pathology* ; Vasculitis/pathology*

Objective: To review the current development of artificial intelligence (AI) technology in the field of transfusion medicine. Methods: A systematic search was conducted in the Clarivate Web of Science Database from inception to December 2024 for literature related to AI and transfusion. A total of 4 775 publications were identified. Based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, 133 original studies were ultimately included and analyzed using a narrative synthesis approach. Results: Research on AI in transfusion has surged since 2020 (accounting for 77% of all publications), with China ranking second globally in publication volume. Among the included studies, 69.2% focused on predicting individual transfusion needs, followed by inventory management (8.3%), diagnosis and prediction of adverse transfusion reactions (6.0%), factors influencing transfusion outcomes (5.3%), blood group identification (5.3%), blood quality testing (4.5%), and precise blood volume measurement (1.5%). Additionally, 4.5% of the studies were published in journals with an impact factor greater than 10; 19.5% developed software or applications; 31.5% were multi-center studies; 48.1% utilized decision tree methods, while 31.5% employed neural network approaches; and 14.2% conducted external validation of the algorithms. Conclusion: AI demonstrates significant potential in transfusion risk prediction, decision support, and blood management. However, challenges remain, including limited model generalizability, insufficient algorithm interpretability, and barriers to clinical translation. The deep integration of AI with transfusion medicine will accelerate the advent of precision transfusion era, maximizing blood resource utilization, reducing waste, and ensuring transfusion safety.

Objective:To explore the impact of baseline remnant cholesterol levels at a single time point and cumulative remnant cholesterol exposure on the progression trajectories of arterial stiffness.Methods:This prospective cohort study included 2 401 eligible participants from the Beijing Health Management Cohort who consecutively attended health examinations in 2010-2011, 2012-2013, and 2014-2015. The remnant cholesterol value measured in 2014-2015 served as the baseline remnant cholesterol level at a single time point. The cumulative exposure indices were calculated based on remnant cholesterol values from three health examinations from 2010 to 2015, including cumulative exposure, cumulative exposure burden, and duration of high remnant cholesterol exposure. Arterial stiffness was assessed by brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV). The follow-up continued until December 31, 2019, with annual check-ups. During the follow-up period, a group-based trajectory model was employed to construct the progression trajectories of baPWV. The associations between the baseline remnant cholesterol level, cumulative exposure indices of remnant cholesterol and baPWV trajectories were examined using ordinal logistic regression models, adjusting for traditional cardiovascular risk factors and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels.Results:The age of the 2 401 participants was 61 (54, 69) years, with 1 801 (75.01%) being male. The group-based trajectory model indicated that the best-fit model categorized the participants into three subgroups: low-rising group (1 036 individuals, 43.15%), moderate-rising group (1 137 individuals, 47.36%), and high-rising group (228 individuals, 9.50%). After adjusting for traditional cardiovascular risk factors, baseline remnant cholesterol levels at a single point ( OR=1.170, 95% CI: 1.074-1.274), cumulative remnant cholesterol exposure ( OR=1.194, 95% CI: 1.096-1.303), cumulative remnant cholesterol exposure burden ( OR=1.270, 95% CI: 1.071-1.507), and high-remnant cholesterol exposure duration (6 years: OR=1.351, 95% CI: 1.077-1.695) were significantly associated with the risk of developing a poor baPWV progression trajectory. These results remained significant after adjusting for cumulative average LDL-C levels. The association between baseline remnant cholesterol levels and baPWV progression became insignificant after adjusting for cumulative remnant cholesterol levels ( OR=1.053, 95% CI: 0.923-1.197), while the association between cumulative remnant cholesterol exposure and baPWV progression remained significant after adjusting for baseline remnant cholesterol levels ( OR=1.145, 95% CI: 1.008-1.305). Conclusions:Higher levels of baseline remnant cholesterol and cumulative remnant cholesterol are independent risk factors for the progression of arterial stiffness. These associations remain significant even after adjusting for traditional cardiovascular risk factors and LDL-C levels. Furthermore, the effect of cumulative remnant cholesterol levels on the progression of arterial stiffness was stronger than the effect of baseline remnant cholesterol levels.

Objective To provide foundational data for exploring the association between KIR genes and diseases by an-alyzing the frequency and polymorphism of killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptor(KIR)genes in Han,Manchu and Kore-an populations in Jilin Province.Methods KIR gene typing was performed on 129 Manchu,198 Korean and 201 Han indi-viduals from Jilin using the polymerase chain reaction-sequence specific primers(PCR-SSP)technique.Results KIR3DL2,KIR3DL3,KIR3DP1 and KIR2DL4 were detected in all subjects.KIR2DL1,KIR2DL3,KIR2DS4,KIR3DL1 and KIR2DP1 genes had high detection frequencies,ranging from 93％to 98％across the three ethnic groups.In contrast,the detection rates of KIR2DL2,KIR2DL5,KIR3DS1,KIR2DS1,KIR2DS2,KIR2DS3 and KIR2DS5 were lower,ranging from 13％to 45％.Notably,the detection frequencies of KIR2DL5(17.83％)and KIR2DS1(17.83％)in the Manchu population were significantly lower than those in the Korean(42.93％,47.47％)and Han(33.83％,33.33％)populations in Jilin.The detection frequencies of KIR2DL5(42.93％)and KIR2DS1(47.47％)were significantly higher in the Korean popula-tion compared to the Han(33.83％,33.33％)and Manchu(17.83％,17.83％)population.The frequency of the KIRAA hap-lotype in the Han population was the highest among the three ethnic groups in Jilin at 61.19％,significantly higher than that in the Korean population(42.93％).Differences between the three groups were statistically significant(P＜0.05),and remained significant after Bonferroni correction(Pc＜0.05).Conclusion The distribution of KIR genes in the Korean,Manchu and Han population in Jilin reflects the polymorphism of KIR genes in the Chinese population and also showcases unique ethnic genetic and regional characteristics.

Objective To investigate the clinical effect of metal supported multi-sided versus ordinary ultra-fine drainage tube in the uniportal video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) lower pulmonary lobectomy. Methods From January 2021 to June 2022, the clinical data of patients who underwent uniportal VATS lower lobectomy in our hospital were retrospectively analyzed. According to the different types of ultra-fine drainage tubes used in the surgery, the patients were divided into an experimental group (using multi-sided hole 10F ultra-fine drainage tubes with metal support) and a control group (using ordinary 12F ultra-fine drainage tubes). The clinical data of the two groups were compared. Results A total of 190 patients were enrolled, including 108 males and 82 females. There were 90 patients in the experimental group aged 56.60±10.14 years; and 100 patients in the control group aged 57.07±11.04 years. The incidences of postoperative lung infection and pleural effusion in the experimental group were lower than those in the control group, with statistically significant differences (P<0.05). The postoperative visual analogue scale score, the need to adjust the chest drainage tube after the surgery, the need for chest puncture after the surgery, the time of postoperative chest tube removal, and the hospitalization cost were statistically different (P<0.05). There was no statistical difference in the length of postoperative hospital stay or the incidences of postoperative lung leakage, arrhythmia, and atelectasis complications (P>0.05). Conclusion Compared with the ordinary ultra-fine drainage tubes, multi-sided hole ultra-fine drainage tubes with metal support can reduce the incidences of lung infection and pleural effusion complications after the uniportal VATS lower lobectomy, reduce the pain and economic burden, which can be applied in the uniportal VATS lower lobectomy.

Objective To provide valuable insights for improving China’s special drug approval system by conducting an in-depth analysis of the practices of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration （FDA） in granting Emergency Use Authorizations （EUAs） for drugs. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on the FDA’s EUA decision-making process for COVID-19 therapeutics between January 2020 and June 2023. Results During the COVID-19 pandemic, the FDA adopted a series of regulatory science approaches to facilitate rapid approval of COVID-19 therapeutic drugs. The FDA granted EUA for a total of 15 COVID-19 therapeutic drugs and 4 COVID-19 vaccines, including expanded indications for marketed drugs, EUA for investigational drugs, revocation of EUA, and marketing after EUA. The main mechods for the rapid approval of EUA drugs by the FDA included the use of existing clinical trial data, omission of animal efficacy testing, merging of phase 1 and phase 2 clinical trials, and the use of clinical outcomes as surrogate endpoints, among other regulatory science methods. Conclusion The practices of the FDA in Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) of drugs, particularly its incorporation of regulatory scientific methods into the EUA process and the establishment of proactive monitoring mechanisms for drugs granted EUA, are worthy of emulation by China. It is suggested that China consider the experience of the FDA in the EUA system for drugs to further optimize and improve its special approval system for drugs.

Objective To investigate the physiological characteristics of Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies israelensis (Bti) with double mutations of cwlE and sigK genes and to assess the activity of Bti against larvae of Culex pipiens pallens under different external factors, so as to provide the theoretical evidence for the use of engineered bacteria of Bti for effective mosquito control. Methods B. thuringiensis wild-type strain Bt-59 and Bt-59 strain with cwlE mutation [Bt-59 (ΔcwlE)] were cultured in nutrient broth media for 24 hours, and Bt-59 strains with sigK mutation [Bt-59 (ΔsigK)] and double mutations of cwlE and sigK [Bt-59 (ΔcwlE-sigK)] were cultured in nutrient broth media for 48 hours. Then, 5 μL of culture media were transferred to glass sides, and cell morphology and mother cell lysis were observed under an optical microscope. The optical densities of Bti strain culture media were measured at different time points of culture, and the growth curves of Bt-59, Bt-59 (ΔcwlE), Bt-59 (ΔsigK), and Bt-59 (ΔcwlE-sigK) strains were plotted. The differences in carbon source metabolism of four Bti strains were analyzed using the Biolog microplate culture method, and the metabolic activity of these strains was estimated with average well color development (AWCD). The fermentation media of these four Bti strains were diluted into final concentrations of 2.000, 1.000, 0.500, 0.250, and 0.125 μL/L, and the median lethal concentrations (LC₅₀ values) of these four strains against the third instar larvae of Cx. pipiens pallens were determined. In addition, the fermentation media of Bti strains were processed as follows: pH adjusted to 5, 7 and 9; treated at 30, 40 ℃ and 50 ℃ for 12 hours; and exposed to irradiation with ultraviolet lights for 0 hour and 6 hours. Then, 20 third instar larvae of Cx. pipiens pallens were exposed to the above processed fermentation media at a final concentration of 1 μL/L in 200 mL of water at 26 ℃ for 24 hours, and the mosquito mortality was estimated to evaluate the effects of pH, temperature and ultraviolet irradiation on the larvicidal activity of four Bti strains. Results The growth curves of the Bt-59 strain and its mutants shared a similar changing trend, and both experienced a stable phase 6 hours post-culture. Both spores and crystal proteins were found in Bt-59 and Bt-59 (ΔcwlE) cells, and only crystal proteins were found in Bt-59 (ΔsigK) and Bt-59 (ΔcwlE-sigK) cells. No lysis was found in the cell wall of the Bt-59 (ΔcwlE-sigK) strain, and the crystal protein was embedded in the mother cell. Biolog microplate culture assay showed that the AWCD values of four Bti strains showed a similar changing trend over time, and 33 carbon sources were found to be metabolized by all of the four strains, including dextrin, D-maltose and D-trehalose. The LC50 values of the fermentation media of Bt-59, Bt-59 (ΔcwlE), Bt-59 (ΔsigK), and Bt-59 (ΔcwlE-sigK) strains were 0.60, 0.51, 0.70 μL/L and 0.72 μL/L against Cx. pipiens pallens, respectively. The adjusted mortality of larval Cx. pipiens pallens reduced by 76.60%, 76.00%, 66.67%, and 0 following exposure to the fermentation media of Bt-59, Bt-59 (ΔcwlE), Bt-59 (ΔsigK), and Bt-59 (ΔcwlE-sigK) strains at a pH of 5 relative to at a pH of 7, and the adjusted mortality reduced by 49.02%, 51.06%, 36.36%, and 4.44% following 6-hour exposure to ultraviolet irradiation relative to 0-hour exposure, while the adjusted mortality was 68.33% to 83.33% following treatment with the fermentation media of four Bti strains at different temperatures. Conclusions Bt-59 (ΔcwlE-sigK) strains do not generate spores, and the absence of cwlE and sigK does not affect the growth, carbon source metabolism, and larvicidal activity of Bti strains against larval Cx. pipiens pallens. Cell wall embedding of Bt-59 (ΔcwlE-sigK) strains may protect larvicidal crystal proteins of Bti strains from external environmental factors, including ultraviolet irradiation, and pH alteration.

Resident training is a necessary path to cultivate excellent clinical doctors. Based on the Consensus on Core Competency Framework for Residency Education Among China Consortium of Elite Teaching Hospitals for Residency Education, Department of Neurology from Peking Union Medical College Hospital has established a training program for neurology residents with a graded evaluation system and a progressive clinical responsibility concept guided by core competency. Overcoming the teaching difficulties of neurology and considering the clinical characteristics of neurology, we have established a series of replicable and promotable neurology residency training curriculum through inheritance and innovation, which provides reference for the continuous improvement of China's neurology residency training program.

Arteriovenous malformations(AVMs)are a kind of high-flow vascular malformation.AVMs can be classified in many ways,including histo-embryological classification,hemodynamic classification,etc.At present,the two mainstream classification systems used to guide the embolization treatment of peripheral AVMs are proposed by Cho and Yakes respectively based on the angiographic morphology of the lesions.Interventional embolization is the first-line treatment for AVMs.Among the many embolization agents,absolute ethanol is a permanent liquid embolization agent.Absolute ethanol can directly destroy the vascular endothelial cells to achieve a good curative efficacy,therefore,it has been wildly used in the treatment of peripheral AVMs.Yakes classification combines the angiographic classification with absolute ethanol embolization therapy.During absolute ethanol treatment,close attention should be paid to the occurrence of complications such as elevated pulmonary artery pressure.Although there are challenges remaining in the treatment of AVMs,the rapid development of molecular genetics has made targeted drug adjunctive treatment for AVMs possible.Perhaps,the novel therapeutic mode of combination use of traditional therapy targeted drug may be able to make a breakthrough in the treatment of AVMs.