Breast cancer organoids faithfully reflect the structural and functional characteristics of primary tumors, demonstrating broad application potential. Clinically, organoids have been utilized for drug sensitivity testing, significantly enhancing the precision of personalized treatment strategies. Organoids play a crucial role in accelerating new drug development, uncovering drug resistance mechanisms, and improving the efficacy of immunotherapy. In-depth analysis of the application of breast cancer organoid technology in clinical and transformation can provide new ideas for clinical diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer.

OBJECTIVES: The prevalence of overweight and obesity among children and adolescents continues to rise, becoming one of the most serious global public health issues of the 21st century. Given the differing growth and development environments between urban and rural children, associated risk factors also vary. This study aims to explore the distribution characteristics and influencing factors of overweight and obesity among urban and rural primary and secondary school students in Hunan Province, providing scientific evidence for targeted interventions. METHODS: A stratified, randomized cluster sampling method was used to select participants. A total of 197 084 students from primary and secondary schools across 14 prefectures in Hunan Province underwent physical examinations and questionnaire surveys. Population and spatial distribution characteristics of overweight and obesity were analyzed. Spatial distribution maps and spatial autocorrelation analyses were conducted using ArcGIS. Multivariate Logistic regression was used to identify influencing factors for overweight and obesity. RESULTS: The overall overweight and obesity rates among students in Hunan Province were 14.7% and 10.9%, respectively. Both rates were higher in urban areas than in rural counties (16.0% vs 13.9% for overweight; 12.1% vs 10.2% for obesity). Among both urban and rural students, boys had higher rates of overweight and obesity than girls. Higher-grade students had a higher overweight rate but a lower obesity rate than lower-grade students. In urban areas, the overweight and obesity rates of Han Chinese primary and secondary school students are lower than those of ethnic minority students (both P<0.05). In rural areas, the obesity rate of Han primary and secondary school students is lower than that of ethnic students (P<0.05). Across cities and prefectures, urban overweight and obesity rates ranged from 14.7% to 18.7% and 8.4% to 20.6% respectively, while rural rates ranged from 10.9% to 17.2% and 6.6% to 13.7% respectively. Spatial autocorrelation analysis revealed high-value clusters of overweight/obesity in urban areas of Changde and Zhangjiajie, and in rural areas of Loudi, Huaihua, and Shaoyang. Multivariate Logistic regression showed that gender, school stage, ethnicity, frequency of fresh vegetable intake, and sleep duration were associated with overweight and/or obesity in both urban and rural students. In urban students, frequency of fried food and fresh fruit intake, breakfast habits, physical activity on weekdays and holidays, and screen time on computers were also significant. In rural students, TV viewing time and sedentary duration were additional relevant factors. CONCLUSIONS The situation of overweight and obesity among primary and secondary school students in Hunan Province remains concerning. Greater attention should be paid to regions with high-value clusters of overweight/obesity, and targeted interventions should be developed based on urban-rural differences in influencing factors.
Humans ; China/epidemiology* ; Adolescent ; Male ; Female ; Rural Population/statistics & numerical data* ; Child ; Overweight/epidemiology* ; Students/statistics & numerical data* ; Urban Population/statistics & numerical data* ; Risk Factors ; Prevalence ; Obesity/epidemiology* ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Pediatric Obesity/epidemiology* ; Schools

Objective To analyze the short- and mid-term outcomes of patients undergoing reconstruction of intervalvular fibrous body (IVFB) via double valve replacement (Commando procedure) or aortic valve replacement and mitral valve repair (Hemi-Commando procedure). Methods The patients who underwent Commando or Hemi-Commando procedure between September 2014 and September 2022 in Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital were collected. The perioperative and follow-up data were reviewed and analyzed for the assessment of short- and mid-term outcomes. Results Eleven patients received Commando procedure (a Commando group), including 4 males and 7 females with a median age of 61 (33, 68) years; 7 patients received Hemi-Commando procedure (a Hemi-Commando group), including 5 males and 2 females with a median age of 50 (36, 58) years. Two patients died in the postoperative 30 days (1 patient in the Commando group and 2 patients in the Hemi-commando group). Low cardiac output syndrome complicated with multiple organ dysfunction syndrome was the main cause of death. Fifteen patients were discharged and followed up for 13 (6, 42) months, with a survival rate of 100%. The rates of free from recurrent endocarditis or re-operation were both 100%. Conclusion Commando and Hemi-Commando procedures are effective strategies for IVFB reconstruction, and can achieve excellent mid-term outcomes if patients survive from the frailest period of early postoperative stage.

Objective To explore the mechanism of Huoxiang Zhengqi Dropping Pills in treating dampness encumbering the spleen and stomach type rats by metabolomics method based on gas chromatography-time of flight mass spectrometry(GC-TOF/MS).Methods Male SD rats were randomly divided into normal group,model group and Huoxiang Zhengqi Dropping Pills group(1 g·kg-1).The rat model of dampness encumbering the spleen and stomach was prepared by comprehensive physical modeling method combined with improper diet.Intragastric administration was performed once a day for 10 consecutive days.The macroscopic signs and behavioral indexes(body mass,body length,tail length,abdominal circumference index and spontaneous activities frequency)of rats were observed.GC-TOF/MS method was used to analyze the serum and urine metabolome of rats,identify potential biomarkers related to dampness encumbering the spleen and stomach,and analyze the metabolic pathway of Huoxiang Zhengqi Dropping Pills in rats with dampness encumbering the spleen and stomach.Results Compared with the normal group,the body mass,body length,tail length and spontaneous activities frequency of the rats in the model group were significantly reduced(P＜0.05),and the abdominal circumference index was significantly increased(P＜0.05).Compared with the model group,the body mass,body length and spontaneous activities frequency of the rats in the Huoxiang Zhengqi Dropping Pills group were significantly increased(P＜0.05),and the abdominal circumference index was significantly decreased(P＜0.05).A total of 38 and 44 potential biomarkers related to dampness encumbering the spleen and stomach were identified in rat serum and urine,respectively.Huoxiang Zhengqi Dropping Pills can effectively interfere with the serum and urine metabolic phenotypes of model rats,and can significantly reverse 17 and 13 potential biomarkers in serum and urine,involving a total of 7 metabolic pathways.Conclusion The intervention mechanism of Huoxiang Zhengqi Dropping Pills on rats with dampness encumbering the spleen and stomach syndrome may be related to the regulation of tryptophan metabolism,histidine metabolism,glutamate-glutamine metabolism,energy metabolism and intestinal flora.

Objectives:To explore the trend of the burden of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in adult Chinese population attributed to high body mass index (BMI) from 1990 to 2021,identify key populations requiring for BMI control,and provide scientific evidence for developing targeted intervention strategies.Methods:Based on the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 database,we compared the age-standardized disability-adjusted life years (DALY) rates and age-standardized mortality rates of CVD attributed to high BMI for the adult population aged ≥20 years in China,globally,and in the United States,the United Kingdom,Japan,and India from 1990 to 2021.Additionally,the results were stratified by sex and age to compare the trends of disease burden in China and globally.Results:From 1990 to 2021,the average annual percentage change (AAPC) in age-standardized DALY rate and age-standardized mortality rate for CVD attributable to high BMI for the population aged ≥20 years in China was 1.08 (95％CI:1.05 to 1.11) and 1.00 (95％CI:0.96 to 1.03),respectively.Throughout the 32-year period,both rates were consistently lower than those in the United States and the global average,but higher than those in India and Japan.Meanwhile,England experienced a continuous decline,with corresponding data of-3.02 (95％CI:-3.10 to-2.96) for AAPC in age-standardized DALY rates and-3.02 (95％CI:-3.11 to-2.95) for AAPC in age-standardized mortality rates,respectively.The age-standardized DALY rate attributed to high BMI for adult males in China was consistently higher than those for females,whereas the percentage of DALY showed the opposite trend,with females surpassing males.The age-standardized DALY rates for the population aged ≥20 years attributed to high BMI in China increased continuously,and the percentage of DALY increased sharply in population aged 20-39,the level of 2021 was more than three times higher as compared to 1990.Conclusions:The increasing proportion of overweight and obese individuals in China,along with the resulting rise in the prevalence and mortality of cardiovascular diseases,has led to a continuous increase in the cardiovascular disease burden.It is therefore particularly important to implement effective public health interventions to control overweight in the young and middle-aged population to reduce the burden of cardiovascular disease in China.

Objectives:To explore the trend of the burden of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in adult Chinese population attributed to high body mass index (BMI) from 1990 to 2021,identify key populations requiring for BMI control,and provide scientific evidence for developing targeted intervention strategies.Methods:Based on the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 database,we compared the age-standardized disability-adjusted life years (DALY) rates and age-standardized mortality rates of CVD attributed to high BMI for the adult population aged ≥20 years in China,globally,and in the United States,the United Kingdom,Japan,and India from 1990 to 2021.Additionally,the results were stratified by sex and age to compare the trends of disease burden in China and globally.Results:From 1990 to 2021,the average annual percentage change (AAPC) in age-standardized DALY rate and age-standardized mortality rate for CVD attributable to high BMI for the population aged ≥20 years in China was 1.08 (95％CI:1.05 to 1.11) and 1.00 (95％CI:0.96 to 1.03),respectively.Throughout the 32-year period,both rates were consistently lower than those in the United States and the global average,but higher than those in India and Japan.Meanwhile,England experienced a continuous decline,with corresponding data of-3.02 (95％CI:-3.10 to-2.96) for AAPC in age-standardized DALY rates and-3.02 (95％CI:-3.11 to-2.95) for AAPC in age-standardized mortality rates,respectively.The age-standardized DALY rate attributed to high BMI for adult males in China was consistently higher than those for females,whereas the percentage of DALY showed the opposite trend,with females surpassing males.The age-standardized DALY rates for the population aged ≥20 years attributed to high BMI in China increased continuously,and the percentage of DALY increased sharply in population aged 20-39,the level of 2021 was more than three times higher as compared to 1990.Conclusions:The increasing proportion of overweight and obese individuals in China,along with the resulting rise in the prevalence and mortality of cardiovascular diseases,has led to a continuous increase in the cardiovascular disease burden.It is therefore particularly important to implement effective public health interventions to control overweight in the young and middle-aged population to reduce the burden of cardiovascular disease in China.

Poly adenosine diphosphate ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibitors lead to synthetic lethality in homologous recombination repair-deficient (HRD) tumors by inhibiting DNA damage repair. Two PARP inhibitors, olaparib and talazoparib, have been approved for the salvage treatment of breast cancer susceptibility gene (BRCA) mutation, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) negative advanced breast cancer, and adjuvant treatment of early breast cancer. PAPR inhibitor single agent shows good antitumor activity and controllable safety. A number of clinical studies on PAPR inhibitors combined with chemotherapy, radiotherapy, antiangiogenic therapy and immunotherapy are being carried out. The indications of PARP inhibitors also extend from BRCA mutation to HRD, from ovarian cancer and breast cancer to other solid tumors, promising to benefit more patients in the future.

Objective:To explore the germline mutation frequency of genetic susceptibility genes and clinical characteristics in early-onset breast cancer (onset age ≤35 years) in China.Methods:Clinical information and peripheral blood of 150 patients aged 35 and younger diagnosed with breast cancer in Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College from January 1, 2015 to December 31, 2019 were collected. Then DNA was extracted to detect germline mutations in breast cancer susceptibility gene (BRCA) 1, BRCA2, ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) , partner and localizer of BRCA2 (PALB2) , tumor protein 53 (TP53) and cell cycle checkpoint kinase 2 (CHEK2) genes. Mutations were interpreted as pathogenic, likely pathogenic, uncertain significance, likely benign and benign according to the classification criteria and guidelines for genetic variation. Patients were divided into mutation group ( n=18) and non-mutation group ( n=132) according to the presence or absence of pathogenic or probable pathogenic germline mutations, and the χ2 test was used to analyze the relationships between genetic susceptibility gene mutations and clinicopathological characteristics. Results:Eighteen pathogenic or likely pathogenic germline mutations were detected in 150 patients with early-onset breast cancer, for an overall mutation frequency of 12.0%. Among them, there were 8 (5.3%) BRCA2 mutation, 7 (4.7%) BRCA1 mutation, 1 (0.7%) PALB2 mutation, and 2 (1.3%) TP53 mutation. There were no pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants in ATM and CHEK2 genes. The mutation type was dominated by frameshift mutation (9/18, 50.0%) , followed by nonsense mutation (7/18, 38.9%) , missense mutation (1/18, 5.6%) and splice acceptor mutation (1/18, 5.6%) . Among the molecular subtypes of 18 mutation carriers, 9 cases were Luminal B, 6 cases were triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) , 2 cases were Luminal A, and only 1 case was human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER-2) amplification. Among them, 8 BRCA2 mutation carriers were Luminal type, and 6 of 7 BRCA1 mutation carriers were TNBC type. There were no statistical differences in family history of breast cancer ( P=0.343) , estrogen receptor (ER) status ( χ2=0.16, P=0.688) , HER-2 status ( χ2=2.89, P=0.089) , molecular subtype ( χ2=1.99, P=0.575) , and initial diagnosis TNM stage ( χ2=2.49, P=0.115) between the mutation group and the non-mutation group. Conclusion:The patients with early-onset breast cancer have high frequency of germline mutations. It is recommended that patients with early-onset breast cancer undergo genetic counseling and multigene testing.

Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) combine the high specificity of monoclonal antibodies with the high anti-tumor activity of small molecular cytotoxic payloads. The anti-tumor activity of ADCs is mainly achieved by the direct blocking of the receptor by monoclonal antibodies, direct action and bystander effect of cytotoxic drugs, and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity and complement-dependent cytotoxicity. ADCs have been used in adjuvant therapy and rescue treatment of human epidermal receptor 2 (HER2)-positive breast cancer, greatly improving the prognosis of breast cancer patients. Several ongoing clinical trials of ADC for breast cancer and other solid tumors proved the potential of ADCs will provide more promising treatment options for patients with malignant tumors. This review introduces the mechanism and latest clinical progress of ADC drugs approved for HER2-positive breast cancer to guide clinical practice and conduct research.
Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use* ; Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological/therapeutic use* ; Breast Neoplasms/drug therapy* ; Female ; Humans ; Immunoconjugates/therapeutic use* ; Receptor, ErbB-2

Breast cancer screening is an economical, effective, and simple screening measure for asymptomatic people to achieve the goals of early detection, early diagnosis and early treatment. Existing screening methods are mainly based on breast cancer X-rays and ultrasound, which are less sensitive to early lesions and cannot assess the risk of breast cancer in asymptomatic people. Breast cancer susceptibility genes, DNA methylation, microRNAs and circulating tumor cells, as blood biomarkers for breast cancer screening and early diagnosis, can identify high-risk breast cancer populations and improve the early diagnosis rate of breast cancer.