Organ transplantation, particularly pediatric liver transplantation (LT), has transformed medical practice over the past six decades, providing life-saving interventions for children with end-stage liver disease. This review demonstrated the historical milestones of pediatric organ transplantation, emphasizing Japan's contributions, mainly through the National Center for Child Health and Development. While early transplantation efforts in the 1950s and 1960s faced significant challenges, breakthroughs in preservation methods, immunosuppressive therapies, surgical techniques, and innovations such as living donor LT in Asia have greatly improved success rates. Japan's pediatric LT landscape is distinct, primarily due to its reliance on living donor LT, shaped by cultural and religious influences that have traditionally restricted deceased donor organ donation. This review manuscript discusses Japan's pioneering role in expanding the indications for pediatric LT to include rare conditions such as inherited metabolic disorders and hepatoblastoma. It highlights recent innovations such as hyper-reduced lateral segment grafts, machine perfusion, and minimally invasive surgery that have further improved outcomes. International collaboration has facilitated the sharing of expertise, advancing pediatric liver transplantation practice worldwide. Despite these achievements, challenges remain, particularly in light of Japan's declining birth rate, which threatens the sustainability of pediatric transplant services. This review emphasizes the need for centralized transplant facilities, greater awareness of brain-dead organ donation, and continued medical advances to ensure that pediatric LT remains a viable, life-saving option for future generations.
Humans ; Liver Transplantation/trends* ; Japan ; Child ; Living Donors

BACKGROUND: Pre-transplant exposure to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) significantly increases the risk of allograft rejection after liver transplantation (LT); however, whether ICI-related rejection leads to increased graft loss remains controversial. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the association between ICI-related allograft rejection and perioperative graft loss. METHODS: This was a retrospective analysis of adult liver transplant recipients with early biopsy-proven T-cell-mediated rejection (TCMR) at Liver Transplantation Center of Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital from June 2019 to September 2024. The pathological features, clinical characteristics, and perioperative graft survival were analyzed. RESULTS: Twenty-eight patients who underwent early TCMR between June 2019 and September 2024 were included. Based on pre-LT ICI exposure, recipients were categorized into ICI-related TCMR (irTCMR, n = 12) and conventional TCMR (cTCMR, n = 16) groups. Recipients with irTCMR had a higher median Banff rejection activity index (RAI) (6 vs . 5, P = 0.012) and more aggressive tissue damage and inflammation. Recipients with irTCMR showed higher proportion of treatment resistance, achieving a complete resolution rate of only 8/12 compared to 16/16 for cTCMR. Graft loss occurred in 5/12 of irTCMR recipients within 90 days after LT, with no graft loss in cTCMRs recipients. Cox analysis demonstrated that irTCMR with an ICI washout period of <30 days was an independent risk factor for perioperative graft loss (hazard ratio [HR], 6.540; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.067-40.067, P = 0.042). CONCLUSION IrTCMR is associated with severe pathological features, increased resistance to treatment, and higher graft loss in adult liver transplant recipients.
Humans ; Liver Transplantation/adverse effects* ; Male ; Female ; Middle Aged ; Retrospective Studies ; Graft Rejection/immunology* ; Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors/therapeutic use* ; Adult ; T-Lymphocytes/drug effects* ; Graft Survival/immunology* ; Aged

Liver transplantation is an effective treatment for end-stage liver disease. Liver transplantation is technically complex and associated with significant trauma. In recent years,minimally invasive surgical techniques,such as laparoscopy and robotic surgery,have rapidly developed and been widely applied across various surgical fields. Minimally invasive surgery offers advantages including reduced trauma,less bleeding,and faster postoperative recovery,and has become a mainstream trend in surgical development. In the field of liver transplantation,laparoscopic and robotic donor hepatectomy techniques for living donor liver transplantation have made significant progress. However, due to difficulties in exposing the anastomotic sites of the donor liver and challenges in vascular anastomosis,the application of minimally invasive techniques in donor liver implantation has progressed relatively slowly. With advancements in laparoscopic and robotic surgical techniques and related instruments,laparoscopic donor liver implantation has gradually become feasible. Currently,multiple liver transplant centers worldwide have begun to progressively perform laparoscopic or robot-assisted liver transplantation in recipients,demonstrating potential advantages in reducing surgical trauma and accelerating postoperative recovery. However,there is currently a lack of guidelines or consensus on the application of minimally invasive surgery in liver transplant recipients. Therefore,Branch of Organ Transplantation of Chinese Medical Association,Surgery Group of Chinese Society of Surgery of Chinese Medical Association,and Branch of Organ Transplant Physicians of Chinese Medical Doctor Association invited experts in the field to discuss clinical issues. Combining published guidelines,consensus statements,and research advancements,they formulated the "Technical guidelines for minimally invasive surgery in liver transplant recipients（2025）", aiming to provide reasonable guidance and references for clinical practitioners in the field of liver transplantation.
Humans ; Liver Transplantation/methods* ; Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures/methods* ; Laparoscopy ; Robotic Surgical Procedures ; Practice Guidelines as Topic

The liver is the main target organ for hematogenous metastases from colorectal cancer, and colorectal liver metastasis is one of the most difficult and challenging situations in the treatment. In order to improve the diagnosis and comprehensive treatment in China, the Guidelines have been edited and revised for seven times since 2008, including the overall evaluation, personalized treatment goals and comprehensive treatments, to prevent the occurrence of liver metastases, increase the local damage rate of liver metastases, prolong long-term survival, and improve quality of life. The revised Guideline version 2025 includes the diagnosis and follow-up, prevention, multidisciplinary team (MDT), surgery and local ablative treatment, neoadjuvant and adjuvant therapy, comprehensive treatment. The revised Guideline emphasizes precision treatment based on genetic molecular typing, especially recommending immune checkpoint inhibitors for dMMR/MSI-H patients, and enriched local treatment methods, such as liver transplantation, yttrium-90 microsphere selective internal radiotherapy, etc. The revised Guideline includes state-of-the-art experience and findings, detailed content, and strong operability.
Humans ; Liver Neoplasms/diagnosis* ; Colorectal Neoplasms/therapy* ; Liver Transplantation ; Practice Guidelines as Topic

Donors with a serum sodium concentration of >155 mmol/L are extended criteria donors for liver transplantation (LT). Elevated serum sodium of donors leads to an increased incidence of hepatic dysfunction in the early postoperative period of LT; however, the exact mechanism has not been reported. We constructed a Lewis rat model of 70% hepatic parenchymal area subjected to ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) with hypernatremia and a BRL-3A cell model of hypoxia-reoxygenation (H/R) with high-sodium (HS) culture medium precondition. To determine the degree of injury, biochemical analysis, histological analysis, and oxidative stress and apoptosis detection were performed. We applied specific inhibitors of the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) and Na⁺/Ca²⁺ exchanger (NCX) in vivo and in vitro to verify their roles in injury. Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels and the area of hepatic necrosis were significantly elevated in the HS+I/R group. Increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, myeloperoxidase (MPO)‍-positive cells, and aggravated cellular apoptosis were detected in the HS+I/R group. The HS+H/R group of BRL-3A cells showed significantly increased cellular apoptosis and ROS production compared to the H/R group. The application of amiloride (Amil), a specific inhibitor of ENaC, reduced ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) aggravated by HS both in vivo and in vitro, as evidenced by decreased serum transaminases, inflammatory cytokines, apoptosis, and oxidative stress. SN-6, a specific inhibitor of NCX, had a similar effect to Amil. In summary, hypernatremia aggravates hepatic IRI, which can be attenuated by pharmacological inhibition of ENaC or NCX.
Animals ; Reperfusion Injury/drug therapy* ; Hypernatremia/complications* ; Rats ; Liver/metabolism* ; Rats, Inbred Lew ; Male ; Apoptosis ; Sodium-Calcium Exchanger/antagonists & inhibitors* ; Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism* ; Oxidative Stress ; Epithelial Sodium Channel Blockers/pharmacology* ; Epithelial Sodium Channels ; Cell Line ; Liver Transplantation

OBJECTIVE: To compare the therapeutic efficacy of portal and tail vein transplantation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) against cholestatic liver fibrosis in mice. METHODS: BMSCs were isolated and co-cultured with starvation-activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). HSC activation markers were identified using immunofluorescence and qRT-PCR. BMSCs were injected into the liver tissues of bile duct ligation (BDL) mice via the tail and portal veins. Histomorphology, liver function, inflammatory cytokines, and the expression of key proteins were all determined in the liver tissues. RESULTS: BMSCs inhibited HSC activation by reducing α-SMA and collagen I expression. Compared to tail vein injection, DIL-labeled BMSCs injected through the portal vein maintained a high homing rate in the liver. Moreover, BMSCs transplanted through the portal vein resulted in greater improvement in liver color, hardness, and gallbladder size than did those transplanted through the tail vein. Furthermore, BMSCs injected by portal vein, but not tail vein, markedly ameliorated liver function, reduced the secretion of inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β, and decreased α-SMA + hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation and collagen fiber formation. CONCLUSION The therapeutic effect of BMSCs on cholestatic liver fibrosis in mice via portal vein transplantation was superior to that of tail vein transplantation. This comparative study provides reference information for further BMSC studies focused on clinical cholestatic liver diseases.
Animals ; Mice ; Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation ; Liver Cirrhosis/etiology* ; Male ; Cholestasis/therapy* ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Hepatic Stellate Cells ; Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Liver disease involves a complex interplay of pathological processes, including inflammation, hepatocyte necrosis, and fibrosis. End-stage liver disease (ESLD), such as liver failure and decompensated cirrhosis, has a high mortality rate, and liver transplantation is the only effective treatment. However, to overcome problems such as the shortage of donor livers and complications related to immunosuppression, there is an urgent need for new treatment strategies that need to be developed for patients with ESLD. For instance, hepatocytes derived from donor livers or stem cells can be engrafted and multiplied in the liver, substituting the host hepatocytes and rebuilding the liver parenchyma. Stem cell therapy, especially mesenchymal stem cell therapy, has been widely proved to restore liver function and alleviate liver injury in patients with severe liver disease, which has contributed to the clinical application of cell therapy. In this review, we discussed the types of cells used to treat ESLD and their therapeutic mechanisms. We also summarized the progress of clinical trials around the world and provided a perspective on cell therapy.
Humans ; Cell- and Tissue-Based Therapy/methods* ; End Stage Liver Disease/therapy* ; Hepatocytes ; Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation ; Stem Cell Transplantation

Acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) is a clinical syndrome of acute decompensation accompanied by organ failure that occurs on the basis of chronic liver disease and has a high short-term mortality rate. Currently, there are still differences in relation to the definition of ACLF; thus, baseline characteristics and dynamic changes are important bases for clinical decision-making in patients with liver transplantation and others. The basic strategies for treating ACLF currently include internal medicine treatment, artificial liver support systems, and liver transplantation. Multidisciplinary active collaborative management throughout the whole course is of great significance for further improving the survival rate in patients with ACLF.
Humans ; Liver Transplantation ; Acute-On-Chronic Liver Failure/complications* ; Survival Rate ; Liver Cirrhosis/complications* ; Prognosis

Acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) is a potentially reversible entity that occurs in patients with chronic liver disease accompanied with or without cirrhosis and is characterized by extrahepatic organ failure and high short-term mortality. Currently, the most effective treatment method for patients with ACLF is liver transplantation; therefore, admission timing and contraindications must be emphasized. The function of vital organs such as the heart, brain, lungs, and kidneys should be actively supported and protected during the liver transplantation perioperative period in patients with ACLF. Focusing on the anesthesia management level during anesthesia selection, intraoperative monitoring, three-stage management, prevention and treatment of post-perfusion syndrome, monitoring and management of coagulation function, volume monitoring and management, and body temperature monitoring management for liver transplantation should strengthen anesthesia management. Additionally, standard postoperative intensive care treatment should be recommended, and grafts and other vital organ functions should be monitored throughout the perioperative period to promote early postoperative recovery in patients with ACLF.
Humans ; Liver Transplantation ; Acute-On-Chronic Liver Failure/surgery* ; Liver Cirrhosis/complications* ; Perioperative Period ; Prognosis

Acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) is a type of complex clinical syndrome that is mainly characterized by acute deterioration of liver function based on chronic liver disease, hepatic and extrahepatic organ failures, and a high short-term mortality rate. The comprehensive medical treatment efficacy of ACLF is currently limited; thus, liver transplantation is the only viable potential treatment method. However, considering the severe liver donor shortage, economic and social costs, as well as the differences in disease severity and prognosis of different disease courses, it is particularly important to accurately assess the benefits of liver transplantation in patients with ACLF. Early identification and prediction, timing, prognosis, and survival benefits are discussed here by combining the latest research findings so as to optimize the liver transplantation treatment strategy for ACLF.
Humans ; Liver Transplantation ; Acute-On-Chronic Liver Failure ; Prognosis ; Liver Cirrhosis