Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is well characterized as a heterogeneous disease. Its late-stage diagnosis and chemotherapy resistance make it one of the refractory tumors in China. Natural killer (NK) cells play a significant role in immune surveillance. However, NK cells become dysfunctional in the progression of HCC, leading to tumor immune escape. This article reviews the recent progress on different strategies of NK cell-based immunotherapy in treating HCC, including direct adoptive NK cell transfer, gene engineering in NK cell, NK cell receptor targeting, immunosuppressive microenvironment modification, and tumor toxicity enhancement by cytokines or traditional Chinese medicine. These NK cell-based strategies have shown promising therapeutic potential.
Humans ; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/therapy* ; Liver Neoplasms/therapy* ; Immunotherapy ; Killer Cells, Natural ; Receptors, Natural Killer Cell ; Tumor Microenvironment

Humans ; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/drug therapy* ; Liver Neoplasms/drug therapy* ; Biological Products/therapeutic use* ; B7-H1 Antigen

Transarterial interventional therapy is one of the most widely used treatment methods in patients with primary hepatocellular carcinoma. With the progress in interventional technology and the use of new drugs, transarterial interventional therapy has achieved favorable results in the treatment of primary hepatocellular carcinoma and has become the first choice non-surgical treatment for advanced liver cancer. However, at present, there are great differences in the drugs used in transarterial interventional treatment and the combined application of other drugs among centers, and there is no uniform consensus or guideline. Based on the latest research data and clinical practice experience, as well as the characteristics of Chinese patients, the Specialist Group of Interventional Drugs, Interventionalists Branch of the Chinese Medical Doctor Association was organized to formulate the Chinese expert consensus on intra-arterial drug and combined drug administration for primary hepatocellular carcinoma. The purpose of this consensus is to explore the efficacy and safety of drugs and drug combinations related to intra-arterial interventional therapy, the use of drugs in special populations, the management of adverse reactions, and adjuvant drugs to provide a reference for clinical practice.
Humans ; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/pathology* ; Consensus ; East Asian People ; Liver Neoplasms/pathology* ; Pharmaceutical Preparations ; Infusions, Intra-Arterial/methods* ; Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use* ; Drug Therapy, Combination/methods*

Objective: To explore the predictive factors of concurrent bile duct injury following transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods: A retrospective study was conducted on 483 HCC patients in relation to TACE postoperative complications. A total of 21 cases of bile duct injury were observed following the TACE procedure. Laboratory data, imaging data, and clinically relevant medical histories were recorded before and after one week following the TACE procedure and follow-up. The χ (2) test, or Fisher's exact probability method, was used for categorical variables. The mean of the two samples was compared using a paired t-test or Wilcoxon rank sum test. The comparison of multiple mean values was conducted using an analysis of variance. Results: Twenty-one cases with bile duct injury had intrahepatic bile duct dilatation, bile tumors, hilar biliary duct stenoses, and other manifestations. 14.3% (3/21) of patients showed linear high-density shadows along the bile duct on a plain CT scan, while 76.2% (16/21) of patients had ALP > 200 U/L one week following TACE procedure, and bile duct injury occurred in later follow-up. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and γ-glutamyl transferase (GGT) were significantly increased in all patients following TACE procedure (t = -2.721, P = 0.014; t = -2.674, P = 0.015; t = -3.079, P = 0.006; t = -3.377, P = 0.003, respectively). Conclusion: The deposition of iodized oil around the bile duct on plain CT scan presentation or the continuous increase of ALP (> 200 U/L) one week following TACE procedure has a certain predictive value for the later bile duct injury.
Humans ; Liver Neoplasms/therapy* ; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/therapy* ; Retrospective Studies ; Chemoembolization, Therapeutic/methods* ; Bile Ducts

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs)-based immunotherapy combined with other treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has achieved significant efficacy in clinical research and practice, and has become the most commonly used and mainstay therapy for the treatment of unresectable HCC. In order to help clinicians administrating immunotherapy drugs and regimens rationally, effectively and safely, we organized a multidisciplinary expert team to adopt the "Delphi" consensus formation method, and finally revised and completed the "Multidisciplinary Expert Consensus on Combination Therapy Based on the Immunotherapy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma (2023 Edition)" on the basis of the 2021 version. This consensus mainly focuses on the principles and methods of clinical application of combination therapy based on the Immunotherapy, aiming to summarize the recommendations for clinical application based on the latest research and expert experience, and provide application guidance for clinicians.
Humans ; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/therapy* ; Consensus ; Immunotherapy ; Liver Neoplasms/therapy*

What are the new contents of the guideline since 2010?A.Patients with primary and non-primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) are included in these guidelines for the diagnosis and management of cholangiocarcinoma.B.Define "related stricture" as any biliary or hepatic duct stricture accompanied by the signs or symptoms of obstructive cholestasis and/or bacterial cholangitis.C.Patients who have had an inconclusive report from MRI and cholangiopancreatography should be reexamined by high-quality MRI/cholangiopancreatography for diagnostic purposes. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography should be avoided for the diagnosis of PSC.D. Patients with PSC and unknown inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) should undergo diagnostic colonoscopic histological sampling, with follow-up examination every five years until IBD is detected.E. PSC patients with IBD should begin colon cancer monitoring at 15 years of age.F. Individual incidence rates should be interpreted with caution when using the new clinical risk tool for PSC for risk stratification.G. All patients with PSC should be considered for clinical trials; however, if ursodeoxycholic acid (13-23 mg/kg/day) is well tolerated and after 12 months of treatment, alkaline phosphatase (γ- Glutamyltransferase in children) and/or symptoms are significantly improved, it can be considered to continue to be used.H. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography with cholangiocytology brushing and fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis should be performed on all patients suspected of having hilar or distal cholangiocarcinoma.I.Patients with PSC and recurrent cholangitis are now included in the new unified network organ sharing policy for the end-stage liver disease model standard.J. Liver transplantation is recommended after neoadjuvant therapy for patients with unresectable hilar cholangiocarcinoma with diameter < 3 cm or combined with PSC and no intrahepatic (extrahepatic) metastases.
Child ; Humans ; Cholangitis, Sclerosing/diagnosis* ; Constriction, Pathologic/complications* ; In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence ; Cholangiocarcinoma/therapy* ; Liver Diseases/complications* ; Cholestasis ; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/therapy* ; Bile Ducts, Intrahepatic/pathology* ; Bile Duct Neoplasms/therapy*

OBJECTIVE: Physical exercise, a common non-drug intervention, is an important strategy in cancer treatment, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the mechanism remains largely unknown. Due to the importance of hypoxia and cancer stemness in the development of HCC, the present study investigated whether the anti-HCC effect of physical exercise is related to its suppression on hypoxia and cancer stemness. METHODS: A physical exercise intervention of swimming (30 min/d, 5 d/week, for 4 weeks) was administered to BALB/c nude mice bearing subcutaneous human HCC tumor. The anti-HCC effect of swimming was assessed in vivo by tumor weight monitoring, hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining, and immunohistochemistry (IHC) detection of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and Ki67. The expression of stemness transcription factors, including Nanog homeobox (NANOG), octamer-binding transcription factor 4 (OCT-4), v-Myc avian myelocytomatosis viral oncogene homolog (C-MYC) and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), was detected using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. A hypoxia probe was used to explore the intratumoral hypoxia status. Western blot was used to detect the expression of HIF-1α and proteins related to protein kinase B (Akt)/glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β)/β-catenin signaling pathway. The IHC analysis of platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (CD31), and the immunofluorescence co-location of CD31 and desmin were used to analyze tumor blood perfusion. SMMC-7721 cells were treated with nude mice serum. The inhibition effect on cancer stemness in vitro was detected using suspension sphere experiments and the expression of stemness transcription factors. The hypoxia status was inferred by measuring the protein and mRNA levels of HIF-1α. Further, the expression of proteins related to Akt/GSK-3β/β-catenin signaling pathway was detected. RESULTS: Swimming significantly reduced the body weight and tumor weight in nude mice bearing HCC tumor. HE staining and IHC results showed a lower necrotic area ratio as well as fewer PCNA or Ki67 positive cells in mice receiving the swimming intervention. Swimming potently alleviated the intratumoral hypoxia, attenuated the cancer stemness, and inhibited the Akt/GSK-3β/β-catenin signaling pathway. Additionally, the desmin⁺/CD31⁺ ratio, rather than the number of CD31⁺ vessels, was significantly increased in swimming-treated mice. In vitro experiments showed that treating cells with the serum from the swimming intervention mice significantly reduced the formation of SMMC-7721 cell suspension sphere, as well as the mRNA expression level of stemness transcription factors. Consistent with the in vivo results, HIF-1α and Akt/GSK-3β/β-catenin signaling pathway were also inhibited in cells treated with serum from swimming group. CONCLUSION Swimming alleviated hypoxia and attenuated cancer stemness in HCC, through suppression of the Akt/GSK-3β/β-catenin signaling pathway. The alleviation of intratumoral hypoxia was related to the increase in blood perfusion in the tumor. Please cite this article as: Xiao CL, Zhong ZP, Lü C, Guo BJ, Chen JJ, Zhao T, Yin ZF, Li B. Physical exercise suppresses hepatocellular carcinoma progression by alleviating hypoxia and attenuating cancer stemness through the Akt/GSK-3β/β-catenin pathway. J Integr Med. 2023; 21(2): 184-193.
Humans ; Animals ; Mice ; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/drug therapy* ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism* ; Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen/therapeutic use* ; Mice, Nude ; Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta/genetics* ; beta Catenin/therapeutic use* ; Liver Neoplasms/drug therapy* ; Desmin/therapeutic use* ; Ki-67 Antigen ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Hypoxia ; RNA, Messenger/therapeutic use* ; Cell Proliferation

Objective: To investigate the clinical characteristics of abnormal liver function in patients with advanced esophageal squamous carcinoma treated with programmed death-1 (PD-1) antibody SHR-1210 alone or in combination with apatinib and chemotherapy. Methods: Clinical data of 73 patients with esophageal squamous carcinoma from 2 prospective clinical studies conducted at the Cancer Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences from May 11, 2016, to November 19, 2019, were analyzed, and logistic regression analysis was used for the analysis of influencing factors. Results: Of the 73 patients, 35 had abnormal liver function. 13 of the 43 patients treated with PD-1 antibody monotherapy (PD-1 monotherapy group) had abnormal liver function, and the median time to first abnormal liver function was 55 days. Of the 30 patients treated with PD-1 antibody in combination with apatinib and chemotherapy (PD-1 combination group), 22 had abnormal liver function, and the median time to first abnormal liver function was 41 days. Of the 35 patients with abnormal liver function, 2 had clinical symptoms, including malaise and loss of appetite, and 1 had jaundice. 28 of the 35 patients with abnormal liver function returned to normal and 7 improved to grade 1, and none of the patients had serious life-threatening or fatal liver function abnormalities. Combination therapy was a risk factor for patients to develop abnormal liver function (P=0.007). Conclusions: Most of the liver function abnormalities that occur during treatment with PD-1 antibody SHR-1210 alone or in combination with apatinib and chemotherapy are mild, and liver function can return to normal or improve with symptomatic treatment. For patients who receive PD-1 antibody in combination with targeted therapy and chemotherapy and have a history of long-term previous smoking, alcohol consumption and hepatitis B virus infection, liver function should be monitored and actively managed in a timely manner.
Humans ; Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma/drug therapy* ; Esophageal Neoplasms/pathology* ; Prospective Studies ; Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor/therapeutic use* ; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/adverse effects* ; Liver Diseases/etiology*

Humans ; Tenofovir/therapeutic use* ; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/drug therapy* ; Hepatitis B virus ; Viral Load ; Liver Neoplasms/drug therapy* ; Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use* ; Hepatitis B, Chronic/drug therapy* ; Treatment Outcome

Humans ; Consensus ; Liver Neoplasms/therapy* ; China