What are the new contents of the guideline since 2010?A.Patients with primary and non-primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) are included in these guidelines for the diagnosis and management of cholangiocarcinoma.B.Define "related stricture" as any biliary or hepatic duct stricture accompanied by the signs or symptoms of obstructive cholestasis and/or bacterial cholangitis.C.Patients who have had an inconclusive report from MRI and cholangiopancreatography should be reexamined by high-quality MRI/cholangiopancreatography for diagnostic purposes. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography should be avoided for the diagnosis of PSC.D. Patients with PSC and unknown inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) should undergo diagnostic colonoscopic histological sampling, with follow-up examination every five years until IBD is detected.E. PSC patients with IBD should begin colon cancer monitoring at 15 years of age.F. Individual incidence rates should be interpreted with caution when using the new clinical risk tool for PSC for risk stratification.G. All patients with PSC should be considered for clinical trials; however, if ursodeoxycholic acid (13-23 mg/kg/day) is well tolerated and after 12 months of treatment, alkaline phosphatase (γ- Glutamyltransferase in children) and/or symptoms are significantly improved, it can be considered to continue to be used.H. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography with cholangiocytology brushing and fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis should be performed on all patients suspected of having hilar or distal cholangiocarcinoma.I.Patients with PSC and recurrent cholangitis are now included in the new unified network organ sharing policy for the end-stage liver disease model standard.J. Liver transplantation is recommended after neoadjuvant therapy for patients with unresectable hilar cholangiocarcinoma with diameter < 3 cm or combined with PSC and no intrahepatic (extrahepatic) metastases.
Child ; Humans ; Cholangitis, Sclerosing/diagnosis* ; Constriction, Pathologic/complications* ; In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence ; Cholangiocarcinoma/therapy* ; Liver Diseases/complications* ; Cholestasis ; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/therapy* ; Bile Ducts, Intrahepatic/pathology* ; Bile Duct Neoplasms/therapy*

Haemochromatosis is characterised by elevated transferrin saturation (TSAT) and progressive iron loading that mainly affects the liver. Early diagnosis and treatment by phlebotomy can prevent cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, diabetes, arthropathy and other complications. In patients homozygous for p.Cys282Tyr in HFE, provisional iron overload based on serum iron parameters (TSAT >45% and ferritin >200 μg/L in females and TSAT >50% and ferritin >300 μg/L in males and postmenopausal women) is sufficient to diagnose haemochromatosis. In patients with high TSAT and elevated ferritin but other HFE genotypes, diagnosis requires the presence of hepatic iron overload on MRI or liver biopsy. The stage of liver fibrosis and other end-organ damage should be carefully assessed at diagnosis because they determine disease management. Patients with advanced fibrosis should be included in a screening programme for hepatocellular carcinoma. Treatment targets for phlebotomy are ferritin <50 μg/L during the induction phase and <100 μg/L during the maintenance phase.
Male ; Humans ; Female ; Hemochromatosis/therapy* ; Hemochromatosis Protein/genetics* ; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/complications* ; Iron Overload/genetics* ; Ferritins ; Liver Cirrhosis/complications* ; Iron ; Fibrosis ; Liver Neoplasms/complications* ; Transferrins

At present, there is no uniform standard for diagnosis and treatment of portal hypertension complicated with hepatocellular carcinoma internationally. Although in recent years, with the significant advances of surgical technique and the positive progress of targeted and immunotherapy in the field of hepatocellular carcinoma, the survival of hepatocellular carcinoma patients has improved, but the risk of surgery in patients with portal hypertension complicated with hepatocellular carcinoma remains high, and surgical treatment is still controversial. Therefore, based on the existing evidence, the Chinese Society of Spleen and Portal Hypertension Surgery, Chinese Society of Surgery, Chinese Medical Association has organized relevant experts to develop the consensus on clinical diagnosis and treatment of portal hypertension with hepatocellular carcinoma (2022) after full discussion. This consensus aims to provide the latest guidance for the standardized diagnosis and treatment of portal hypertension with hepatocellular carcinoma in China. Given that most portal hypertension originates from cirrhosis, this consensus only addresses the diagnosis and treatment of cirrhosis-related portal hypertension with hepatocellular carcinoma.
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/therapy* ; Consensus ; Humans ; Hypertension, Portal/therapy* ; Liver Cirrhosis/complications* ; Liver Neoplasms/therapy*

A 66-year-old female patient was diagnosed with hepatocellular carcinoma accompanied by neuropathic pain induced by a metastatic tumor that compromised root and spinal canal. Although her pain was relieved following medical treatment, breakthrough pain occurring 1-2 times a day was still distressing. Neuropathic pain in her right lower limb caused discomfort and irritability and decreased her quality of life. We had limited options to adjust her prescription drug regime, due to the side effect of these drugs. Although acupuncture therapy was only performed at her home once a week, the efficacy was outstanding. The patient did not report any further instances of breakthrough pain, and she did not require additional bolus morphine. She could comfortably live in her familiar surroundings with her family and did not require any emergency room visits or admission into the hospital during the last month of her life. She had excellent quality of life in the terminal period of her life, and could even participate in a family function during this time. The present case report suggests that acupuncture may have a role in treating neuropathic pain induced by bone metastasis in patients with advanced cancer across clinical and in-home settings.
Acupuncture Therapy ; Aged ; Bone Neoplasms ; complications ; secondary ; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular ; pathology ; Female ; Home Care Services ; Humans ; Liver Neoplasms ; pathology ; Neoplasms ; pathology ; Neuralgia ; etiology ; therapy ; Quality of Life

Although pancreatic leiomyosarcoma (PLM) is a rare malignant pancreatic cancer, it usually shows aggressive biological features such as invasion to an adjacent organ or distant metastasis at the time of diagnosis. Radical resection is the best treatment modality but effective chemotherapies have not been identified. A 58-year-old female was referred to us complaining of intermittent left upper quadrant abdominal discomfort. Imaging studies revealed a 10-cm mass in the pancreatic tail. The patient underwent laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy with splenectomy, and the pathological findings were consistent with PLM. Imaging studies 14 months after surgery revealed multiple liver metastases. Because the patient was young with a sufficient remnant liver, we performed laparoscopic metastatectomy without any postoperative complications. Patients with PLM need frequent check-ups, even after curative resection. The role of laparoscopic resection should be confirmed in the future.
Diagnosis ; Drug Therapy ; Female ; Humans ; Laparoscopy ; Leiomyosarcoma* ; Liver* ; Middle Aged ; Neoplasm Metastasis* ; Pancreatectomy ; Pancreatic Neoplasms ; Postoperative Complications ; Splenectomy ; Tail

BACKGROUND/AIMS: This study aimed to clarify the effect of obesity on the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients receiving antiviral treatment. METHODS: This study applied a retrospective analysis to a historical cohort in Bundang Jesaeng Hospital. In total, 102 CHB patients were treated with entecavir as an initial treatment for CHB and checked for obesity using a body composition analyzer. Hepatic steatosis was measured semiquantitatively using Hamaguchi’s scoring system in ultrasonography. Risk factors for the development of HCC were analyzed, including obesity-related factors (body mass index [BMI], waist circumference [WC], waist-to-hip ratio [WHR], visceral fat area [VFA], and hepatic steatosis). RESULTS: The median follow-up duration of the patients was 45.2 months (interquartile range: 36.0-58.3 months). The cumulative incidence rates of HCC at 1 year, 3 years, and 5 years were 0%, 5.3%, and 9.0%, respectively. Univariable analysis revealed that the risk factors for HCC development were a platelet count of <120,000 /mm² (hazard ratio [HR]=5.21, P=0.031), HBeAg negativity (HR=5.61, P=0.039), and liver cirrhosis (HR=10.26, P=0.031). Multivariable analysis showed that the significant risk factor for HCC development was liver cirrhosis (HR=9.07, P=0.042). However, none of the obesity-related risk factors were significantly associated with HCC: BMI ≥25 kg/m² (HR=0.90, P=0.894), WC ≥90 cm (HR=1.10, P=0.912), WHR ≥0.9 (HR=1.94, P=0.386), VFA ≥100 cm² (HR=1.69, P=0.495), and hepatic steatosis (HR=0.57, P=0.602). CONCLUSION: HCC development is associated with liver cirrhosis but not obesity-related factors in CHB patients receiving entecavir.
Adult ; Antiviral Agents/*therapeutic use ; Body Mass Index ; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/epidemiology/*etiology ; Cohort Studies ; DNA, Viral/blood ; Female ; Guanine/*analogs & derivatives/therapeutic use ; Hepatitis B virus/genetics/isolation & purification ; Hepatitis B, Chronic/complications/*drug therapy/virology ; Humans ; Incidence ; Liver Cirrhosis/complications ; Liver Neoplasms/epidemiology/*etiology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Obesity/*complications ; Proportional Hazards Models ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; Viral Load

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a primary concern for patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB). Antiviral therapy has been reasonably the focus of interest for HCC prevention, with most studies reporting on the role of the chronologically preceding agents, interferon-alfa and lamivudine. The impact of interferon-alfa on the incidence of HCC is clearer in Asian patients and those with compensated cirrhosis, as several meta-analyses have consistently shown HCC risk reduction, compared to untreated patients. Nucleos(t)ide analogues also seem to have a favorable impact on the HCC incidence when data from randomized or matched controlled studies are considered. Given that the high-genetic barrier agents, entecavir and tenofovir, are mainly used in CHB because of their favorable effects on the overall long-term outcome of such patients, the most clinically important challenge is the identification of patients who require close HCC surveillance despite on-therapy virological remission. Several risk scores have been developed for HCC prediction in CHB patients. Most of them, such as GAG-HCC, CU-HCC and REACH-B, have been developed and validated in Asian untreated and treated CHB patients, but they do not seem to offer good predictability in Caucasian CHB patients for whom a newer score, PAGE-B, has been recently developed.
Antiviral Agents/adverse effects/*therapeutic use ; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/etiology ; Hepatitis B, Chronic/*drug therapy ; Humans ; Interferon-alpha/adverse effects/therapeutic use ; Liver Cirrhosis/complications ; Liver Neoplasms/etiology ; Nucleotides/adverse effects/chemistry/therapeutic use ; Risk Factors

The prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is increasing rapidly with the obesity and diabetes mellitus epidemics. It is rapidly becoming the most common cause of liver disease worldwide. NAFLD can progress to serious complications such as cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma and death. Therefore, it is important to recognise this condition so that early intervention can be implemented. Lifestyle modifications and strict control of metabolic risk factors are the mainstay of treatment. As disease progression is slow in the majority of NAFLD patients, most can be managed well by primary care physicians. NAFLD patients with advanced liver fibrosis should be referred to specialist care for further assessment.
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular ; pathology ; Diet ; Disease Progression ; Humans ; Life Style ; Liver ; pathology ; Liver Cirrhosis ; pathology ; Liver Neoplasms ; pathology ; Metabolic Syndrome ; complications ; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease ; diagnosis ; therapy ; Obesity ; complications ; Prevalence ; Risk Factors ; Treatment Outcome

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the application of multidisciplinary treatment (MDT) in patients with liver metastasis of colorectal cancer(CLM).

METHODSClinical data of 118 patients with liver metastasis of colorectal cancer, including 32 patients with MDT (MDT group) and 86 patients without MDT (control group), from February 2014 to April 2015 in PLA General Hospital were analyzed retrospectively. Compliance of preoperative examination and adjuvant therapy, and efficacy-associated indexes were compared between the two groups.

RESULTS(1) As compared to control group, statistically significant increase in imaging examination ratio was found in MDT group: chest CT [87.5%(28/32) vs. 40.7%(35/86), P=0.0000], abdominal MRI [84.4%(27/32) vs.61.6%(53/86), P=0.019], pelvic MRI [63.7%(7/11) vs. 24.3%(8/33), P=0.017]. The preoperative assessment of TNM staging was also higher in MDT group [100%(32/32) vs. 20.9%(18/86), P=0.0000], while there was no significant difference in accuracy rate of TNM staging between the two groups [81.3%(26/32) vs. 66.7%(12/18), P=0.2465]. (2) Rates of preoperative chemotherapy and chemotherapy completion were also higher in MDT group than those in control group [90.6%(29/32) vs. 62.8%(54/86), P=0.0033; 82.8% (24/29) vs. 57.4% (31/54), P=0.000], but conversion rate of unresectable CLM showed no significant difference [24.0% (6/25) vs. 14.3% (7/49), P=0.299 ]. (3) Rate of one-stage resection or ablation was higher in MDT group compared to control group [76.9%(10/13) vs. 36.0%(9/25), P=0.038], and resection rate of metastasis nidus was also higher in MDT group [77.0%(20/26) vs. 44.9%(13/29), P=0.015]. No significant differences were observed in rates of R0 resection, positive surgical margin, lymph node clearance, ablation of metastasis nidus, pathological complete response, postoperative chemotherapy or postoperative complications (all P>0.05).

CONCLUSIONMDT has the advantages on standardization of preoperative examination and perioperative chemotherapy, and can improve the rate of one-stage resection or ablation, as well as resection of metastasis nidus.

Aged ; Colorectal Neoplasms ; pathology ; Combined Modality Therapy ; Female ; Hepatectomy ; Humans ; Liver Neoplasms ; secondary ; therapy ; Lymph Nodes ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Neoplasm Staging ; Postoperative Complications ; Retrospective Studies ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; Treatment Outcome

Locally advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with portal vein thrombosis carries a 1-year survival rate <10%. Localized concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT), followed by hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy (HAIC), was recently introduced in this setting. Here, we report our early experience with living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) in such patients after successful down-staging of HCC through CCRT and HAIC. Between December 2011 and September 2012, eight patients with locally advanced HCC at initial diagnosis were given CCRT, followed by HAIC, and underwent LDLT at the Severance Hospital, Seoul, Korea. CCRT [45 Gy over 5 weeks with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) as HAIC] was followed by HAIC (5-FU/cisplatin combination every 4 weeks for 3-12 months), adjusted for tumor response. Down-staging succeeded in all eight patients, leaving no viable tumor thrombi in major vessels, although three patients first underwent hepatic resections. Due to deteriorating liver function, transplantation was the sole therapeutic option and offered a chance for cure. The 1-year disease-free survival rate was 87.5%. There were three instances of post-transplantation tumor recurrence during follow-up monitoring (median, 17 months; range, 10-22 months), but no deaths occurred. Median survival time from initial diagnosis was 33 months. Four postoperative complications recorded in three patients (anastomotic strictures: portal vein, 2; bile duct, 2) were resolved through radiologic interventions. Using an intensive tumor down-staging protocol of CCRT followed by HAIC, LDLT may be a therapeutic option for selected patients with locally advanced HCC and portal vein tumor thrombosis.
Adult ; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/complications/drug therapy/surgery/*therapy ; *Chemoradiotherapy ; Cisplatin/therapeutic use ; Disease-Free Survival ; Female ; Fluorouracil/therapeutic use ; Humans ; Liver Neoplasms/complications/drug therapy/surgery/*therapy ; *Liver Transplantation ; *Living Donors ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local ; *Portal Vein ; Venous Thrombosis/*complications