What are the new contents of the guideline since 2010?A.Patients with primary and non-primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) are included in these guidelines for the diagnosis and management of cholangiocarcinoma.B.Define "related stricture" as any biliary or hepatic duct stricture accompanied by the signs or symptoms of obstructive cholestasis and/or bacterial cholangitis.C.Patients who have had an inconclusive report from MRI and cholangiopancreatography should be reexamined by high-quality MRI/cholangiopancreatography for diagnostic purposes. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography should be avoided for the diagnosis of PSC.D. Patients with PSC and unknown inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) should undergo diagnostic colonoscopic histological sampling, with follow-up examination every five years until IBD is detected.E. PSC patients with IBD should begin colon cancer monitoring at 15 years of age.F. Individual incidence rates should be interpreted with caution when using the new clinical risk tool for PSC for risk stratification.G. All patients with PSC should be considered for clinical trials; however, if ursodeoxycholic acid (13-23 mg/kg/day) is well tolerated and after 12 months of treatment, alkaline phosphatase (γ- Glutamyltransferase in children) and/or symptoms are significantly improved, it can be considered to continue to be used.H. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography with cholangiocytology brushing and fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis should be performed on all patients suspected of having hilar or distal cholangiocarcinoma.I.Patients with PSC and recurrent cholangitis are now included in the new unified network organ sharing policy for the end-stage liver disease model standard.J. Liver transplantation is recommended after neoadjuvant therapy for patients with unresectable hilar cholangiocarcinoma with diameter < 3 cm or combined with PSC and no intrahepatic (extrahepatic) metastases.
Child ; Humans ; Cholangitis, Sclerosing/diagnosis* ; Constriction, Pathologic/complications* ; In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence ; Cholangiocarcinoma/therapy* ; Liver Diseases/complications* ; Cholestasis ; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/therapy* ; Bile Ducts, Intrahepatic/pathology* ; Bile Duct Neoplasms/therapy*

The diagnosis of cystic liver disease has made great progress with the advent of enhanced imaging techniques. At the same time, its management has gradually improved over the past few decades, providing the basis for the development of appropriate diagnostic and treatment guidelines. To this end, the European Association for the Study of the Liver has developed clinical guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of non-infectious cystic liver disease. This guideline put forward recommendations based on an in-depth review of the relevant literature for addressing clinical issues, including the diagnosis and treament of hepatic cysts, hepatic mucocystic tumors, biliary hamartomas, polycystic liver disease, Caroli disease or Caroli syndrome, biliary hamartomas, and peribiliary cyst.
Humans ; Liver Diseases/pathology* ; Cysts/pathology* ; Caroli Disease/diagnosis* ; Liver Neoplasms/therapy* ; Hamartoma

The liver is the most common anatomical site for hematogenous metastases of colorectal cancer, and colorectal liver metastases is one of the most difficult and challenging points in the treatment of colorectal cancer. In order to improve the diagnosis and comprehensive treatment in China, the Guidelines have been edited and revised for several times since 2008, including the overall evaluation, personalized treatment goals and comprehensive treatments, to prevent the occurrence of liver metastases, improve the resection rate of liver metastases and survival. The revised Guideline includes the diagnosis and follow-up, prevention, MDT effect, surgery and local ablative treatment, neoadjuvant and adjuvant therapy, and comprehensive treatment, and with advanced experience, latest results, detailed content, and strong operability.
Chemotherapy, Adjuvant ; China ; Colorectal Neoplasms ; pathology ; Hepatectomy ; Humans ; Liver Neoplasms ; diagnosis ; secondary ; therapy ; Neoadjuvant Therapy ; Practice Guidelines as Topic

OBJECTIVE: To explore the prognostic factors of patients with unresectable liver metastasis colorectal cancer after failed conversion chemotherapy. METHODS: A retrospective, case-controlled study was performed. Study subjects were 105 patients who were diagnosed with synchronous liver metastasis colorectal cancer after failed chemotherapy (metastasis evaluated as unresectable after the conversion chemotherapy) at Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University from January 2012 to December 2015. Overall survival(OS) was retrospectively analyzed using Kaplan-Meier method. Log-rank test was used to compare survival among groups. Univariate and multivariate analysis was conducted for prognosis using Cox regression model. RESULTS: Of 105 cases,70 were male and 35 were female with median age of 60 years old. Twenty-one patients had right colon cancer, 41 had left colon cancer, 42 had rectal cancer and 1 had synchronous cancers(sigmoid colon and rectum). One hundred and two (97.1%) patients were cT3-4 and 90 patients were cN+ (imaging diagnosis). Eighty-nine (84.8%) patients were loaded with 2 or more liver metastases with the median maximum diameter of 48.3 mm. The patients were followed up for 3 to 43 months from the day of diagnosis. The median OS was 11 months (interquartile range, 8-18). The median OS of patients with cN0, cN1 and cN2 stage was 17, 13 and 10 months, respectively(P=0.026). The median OS of patients with single lesion, 2-3 lesions, 4-10 lesions and more than 10 lesions was 15, 15, 17 and 9 months, respectively (P=0.002). OS of patients with maximum diameter of liver metastatic lesion ≤ 50 mm, 51-100 mm and >100 mm was 15, 10 and 8 months, respectively(P=0.003). The median OS of patients with chemotherapy response of partial response (PR), stable disease (SD) and progressive disease (PD) was 17, 14 and 8 months, respectively(P<0.001). OS was 17 months in patients receiving second line chemotherapy and was 10 months in those without second line chemotherapy (P<0.001). OS in patients undergoing primary tumor resection was 13 month and in those without primary tumor resection was 9 months; the difference was not significant (P=0.060). Multivariate analysis showed that cN2(HR=2.115, 95%CI:1.089-4.109, P=0.027), the maximum diameter of liver metastatic lesion more than 100 mm (HR=3.112, 95%CI:1.455-6.657, P=0.003), chemotherapy response of PD (HR=4.435, 95%CI:2.506-7.533,P<0.001) and without second line chemotherapy(HR=4.432,95%CI:2.186-8.986, P=0.010) were independent prognostic factors. CONCLUSIONS For patients with unresectable liver metastasis from colorectal cancer after failed conversion chemotherapy, prognostic factors include cN2, the maximum diameter of liver metastatic lesion, chemotherapy response and second line chemotherapy. Whether the resection of primary tumor can prolong OS further study.
Antineoplastic Agents ; therapeutic use ; China ; Colorectal Neoplasms ; drug therapy ; pathology ; Female ; Humans ; Liver Neoplasms ; diagnosis ; secondary ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Prognosis ; Retrospective Studies ; Treatment Failure

BACKGROUNDLiver abscess is a serious complication following transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE). Much attention has been paid to this condition as it may interfere with the treatment process and result in a poor prognosis of the patient. This study aimed to analyze the causes of liver abscess, a complication, after TACE for hepatic tumors and to summarize management approaches.

METHODSFrom June 2012 to June 2014, of 1480 consecutive patients who underwent TACE at our hospital, five patients developed liver abscess after TACE procedures for hepatic tumors. Of the five patients, each receiving conventional TACE, one underwent three sessions, two underwent two sessions, and the remaining two underwent one session of TACE. Demographic and clinical characteristics, together with management approaches and prognosis, were collected through a review of medical records.

RESULTSThese five patients were confirmed to have post-TACE liver abscess through clinical manifestations, laboratory, and imaging tests. After percutaneous drainage and anti-inflammatory treatments, the symptoms present in four patients with liver abscess significantly improved as evidenced by shrinkage or disappearance of the abscess cavity, and the patients recovered completely after sufficient drainage. The remaining patient experienced recurrent symptoms and abdominal abscess, achieved no significant improvement after treatment, and eventually died of severe infection and multiple organ failures.

CONCLUSIONSTACE must be implemented with extreme caution to avoid liver abscess. An effective management relies on an early diagnosis, prompt use of sufficient doses of appropriate antibiotics, and active implementation of abscess incision, drainage, and aspiration.

Adult ; Aged ; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular ; therapy ; Chemoembolization, Therapeutic ; adverse effects ; Humans ; Liver ; pathology ; Liver Abscess ; diagnosis ; etiology ; Liver Neoplasms ; therapy ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Retrospective Studies

The prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is increasing rapidly with the obesity and diabetes mellitus epidemics. It is rapidly becoming the most common cause of liver disease worldwide. NAFLD can progress to serious complications such as cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma and death. Therefore, it is important to recognise this condition so that early intervention can be implemented. Lifestyle modifications and strict control of metabolic risk factors are the mainstay of treatment. As disease progression is slow in the majority of NAFLD patients, most can be managed well by primary care physicians. NAFLD patients with advanced liver fibrosis should be referred to specialist care for further assessment.
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular ; pathology ; Diet ; Disease Progression ; Humans ; Life Style ; Liver ; pathology ; Liver Cirrhosis ; pathology ; Liver Neoplasms ; pathology ; Metabolic Syndrome ; complications ; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease ; diagnosis ; therapy ; Obesity ; complications ; Prevalence ; Risk Factors ; Treatment Outcome

Along with the aging process, the spectrum of liver disease changes greatly. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in elderly people lead to low liver function and is also the major cause of extrahepatic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and malignant tumor. This review provides an overview of the morphological structure and function of the liver in aged people, and discusses the characteristics of weakness, malnutrition and limited movement in the elderly, as well as the current status of multiple diseases and multiple drug use. Finally, this article puts forward some appropriate regimens for the diagnosis and treatment of NAFLD in elderly people to provide a reference for clinical practice.
Aged ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; Humans ; Liver ; pathology ; Malnutrition ; Neoplasms ; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease ; diagnosis ; pathology ; therapy ; Risk Factors

OBJECTIVETo elucidate the historic and current diagnosis and treatment status of gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) in the Chinese population based on four high volume databases.

METHODSClinicopathological data of GIST patients with follow-up information between January 1998 and December 2015 from Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Union Hospital of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Southern Medical University Nanfang Hospital and Guangdong General Hospital were retrospectively analyzed. Kaplan-Meire method was used to draw survival curve. The accumulative survival rate was calculated by life table method. Comparison of survival rate among groups was examined by Log-rank test.

RESULTSA total of 2 610 cases were enrolled into the study, including 667(25.6%) cases from Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 754(28.9%) cases from Union Hospital of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 692(26.5%) cases from Southern Medical University Nanfang Hospital and 497 (19.0%) cases from Guangdong General Hospital. There were 1 394 male and 1 216 female cases with the ratio of 1.15 to 1.00. The age of patients was from 18 to 95 (median 58.0) years old. Three-year was used as a time stage, then 18 years were divided into 6 stages. New GIST patients increased gradually year by year. There were 13(0.5%) cases during 1998 to 2000, 68(2.6%) cases during 2001 to 2003, 256(9.8%) cases during 2004 to 2006, 517 (19.8%) cases during 2007 to 2009, 814(31.2%) cases during 2010 to 2012, and 942 (36.1%) cases during 2013 to 2015. Primary GIST sites were esophagus in 50(1.9%) cases, stomach in 1 686(64.6%) cases, duodenum in 206 (7.9%) cases, jejunum and ileum in 446 (17.1%) cases, colon and rectum in 133 (5.1%) cases, and non-gastrointestinal tract in 89 (3.4%) cases. GIST lesions of 2 404(92.1%) cases located in the primary sites and relapse/metastasis occurred in 206 cases when consulting. Among 206 relapse/metastasis cases, liver metastasis was found in 126 (61.2%) cases, abdominal cavity/pelvic cavity metastasis in 64 (31.1%) cases, liver plus abdominal cavity/pelvic cavity metastasis in 12 (5.8%) cases, and other site metastasis in 4 (1.9%) cases. Among all the patients, 352 received gene detection, including 1 (0.4%) during 2004 to 2006, 7 (1.4%) during 2007 to 2009, 150 (18.4%) during 2010 to 2012, and 194 (20.6%) during 2013 to 2015. Most of the primary oncogenic mutational site occurred in c-Kit, including 30 (8.5%) cases in exon 9, 242 (68.8%) cases in exon 11, 4 (1.1%) cases in exon 13, 2 (0.6%) cases in exon 17, while 3 (0.9%) cases in PDGFRA exon 12 and 20 (5.7%) cases in PDGFRA 18, besides, no mutations of KIT and PDGFRA were detected in 51 (14.5%) cases. A total of 2 202 cases underwent operation, including 2 038 (92.6%) of radical resection and 164 (7.4%) of palliative resection. Among 2 038 patients undergoing radical resection, 450 (22.1%) cases were very low risk, 593 (29.1%) cases were low risk, 283 (13.9%) cases were moderate risk and 712 (34.9%) cases were high risk according to NIH risk classification. Of 995 patients with moderate and high risk, 550(55.3%) cases received postoperative imatinib adjuvant therapy, whose ratio in above 6 time stages was as follows: 0, 42.8%(12/28), 19.8%(20/101), 9.8% (21/215), 65.7% (176/268) and 85.6% (321/375). Of 206 relapse/metastasis patients, 200 (97.1%) cases received imatinib as the first-line therapy, and 22 (10.7%) received sunitinib as the second-line therapy. A total of 1 743 patients had complete follow-up data and median follow-up time was 35.9 (0.1 to 173.8) months. The 5-year overall survival rates in very low, low, moderate and high risk patients were 100%, 97%, 95% and 78% respectively.

CONCLUSIONThis retrospective study provides the largest data of GIST and indicates the historic changes of clinicopathological characteristics, diagnosis and treatment of GIST for further domestic GIST research.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Antineoplastic Agents ; therapeutic use ; China ; Combined Modality Therapy ; Exons ; Female ; Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors ; diagnosis ; pathology ; therapy ; Humans ; Imatinib Mesylate ; therapeutic use ; Indoles ; therapeutic use ; Liver Neoplasms ; secondary ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Mutation ; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-kit ; Pyrroles ; therapeutic use ; Retrospective Studies ; Survival Rate ; Young Adult

Many guidelines for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) have been published and updated globally. In contrast to other cancers, there is a range of treatment options for HCC involving several multidisciplinary care of the patient. Consequently, enormous heterogeneity in management trends has been observed. To support standard care for HCC, we systematically appraised 8 current guidelines for HCC around the world, including 3 guidelines from Asia, 2 from Europe, and 3 from the United States according to the selection criteria of credibility influence and multi-faceted. After a systematic appraisal, we found that these guidelines have both similarities and dissimilarities in terms of surveillance and treatment allocation recommendations due to regional differences in disease and other variables (diagnosis, staging systems) secondary to the lack of a solid, high level of evidence. In contrast to other tumors, the geographic differences in tumor biology (i.e., areas of increased hepatitis B prevalence) and available resources (organ availability for transplantation, medical technology, accessibility to treatment, health systems, and health resources) make it impractical to have an internationally universal guideline for all patients with HCC. Although Barcelona-Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) has long been dominant system for treatment-guiding staging of HCC, many Asia-pacific experts do not fully agree with its principle. The concepts of BCLC, for surgical resection or other locoregional therapy, are considered too conservative. Asian guidelines represent consensus about surgical resection and TACE indication for more advanced tumor.
Algorithms ; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/diagnostic imaging/pathology/*therapy ; Chemoembolization, Therapeutic ; Guidelines as Topic ; Humans ; Liver Neoplasms/diagnosis/pathology/*therapy ; Liver Transplantation ; Neoplasm Staging ; alpha-Fetoproteins/analysis

Iodine-131 is a radioisotope that is routinely used for the treatment of differentiated thyroid cancer after total or near-total thyroidectomy. However, there is some evidence that iodine-131 can induce liver injury . Here we report a rare case of drug-induced liver injury (DILI) caused by iodine-131 in a patient with regional lymph node metastasis after total thyroidectomy. A 47-year-old woman was admitted with elevated liver enzymes and symptoms of general weakness and nausea. Ten weeks earlier she had undergone a total thyroidectomy for papillary thyroid carcinoma and had subsequently been prescribed levothyroxine to reduce the level of thyroid-stimulating hormone. Eight weeks after surgery she underwent iodine-131 ablative therapy at a dose of 100 millicuries, and subsequently presented with acute hepatitis after 10 days. To rule out all possible causative factors, abdominal ultrasonography, endoscopic ultrasonography (on the biliary tree and gall bladder), and a liver biopsy were performed. DILI caused by iodine-131 was suspected. Oral prednisolone was started at 30 mg/day, to which the patient responded well.
Abdomen/diagnostic imaging ; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury/*diagnosis/drug therapy ; Female ; Humans ; Iodine Radioisotopes/chemistry ; Lymph Nodes/pathology ; Lymphatic Metastasis ; Middle Aged ; Prednisolone/therapeutic use ; Thyroid Neoplasms/drug therapy/surgery ; Thyroidectomy ; Thyroxine/therapeutic use ; Ultrasonography