Objective:To investigate the effect of microwave on human adenovirus type 2 (HAdV-2) capsid protein in simulated infectious wastes.Methods:Droplets of HAdV-2 virus suspension were added to medical disposable gloves to simulate infectious waste, irradiated under different microwave conditions, the temperature change was recorded, and the irradiated viral supernatant was treated with Dnase I and detected by PCR and qPCR to determine the effect of microwave on the integrity of the viral capsid. ELISA was used to detect the effect of microwave irradiation on the structure of viral hexon protein. The virus was treated alone at the highest temperature during microwave irradiation to investigate whether there were non-thermal effects during microwave disinfection.Results:The maximum temperature during microwave irradiation was 76 ℃, and the PCR and qPCR result showed that Dnase I could significantly damage the viral nucleic acid after microwave irradiation, while the virus control group and heat treatment group were not significantly affected, indicating that microwave irradiation could destroy the integrity of the viral capsid. The result of ELISA showed that microwave irradiation could significantly weaken the binding ability of Hexon protein and antibody, and the result of heat treatment group were similar.Conclusions:Microwave irradiation can destroy the integrity of the HAdV-2 capsid and the structure of Hexon protein, in which the damage to the integrity of the capsid is mainly due to non-thermal effects, and the structural changes of hexon protein are mainly due to thermal effects.

Objective:To study the inactivation effects of microwave on human adenovirus 2 (HAdV-2) in simulated infectied wastes, and to explore its molecular mechanism.Methods:25 μl of HAdV-2 virus suspension was dripped with medical disposable gloves, masks and cotton swabs to simulate infectied wastes, and irradiated under different microwave conditions: gloves and masks were irradiated for 30 s, 60 s, and 90 s at 300 W, 500 W, and 700 W, respectively. Cotton swabs irradiate 60 s, 90 s, 120 s at 500 W and 700 W respectively. Temperature changes were recorded, and the inactivation logarithmic values were calculated by the 50% endpoint method to evaluate the microwave inactivation effects, and the proliferation ability of the virus was detected by qPCR. The damage of Penton, Fiber, Hexon and E2 B genes was detected by PCR. The virus was treated with the highest temperature of 76 ℃ during microwave irradiation to study whether there was non-thermal effect during microwave disinfection. Results:After microwave irradiation of infectied waste, the temperature of masks and gloves carriers rises rapidly, with the highest temperature of 76 ℃. The temperature of the cotton swab carriers rose slowly, and the highest temperature is 65 ℃. The inactivation effect of microwave on HAdV-2 was positively correlated with microwave power and irradiation time. In the mask and glove group, microwave power of 700 W irradiated for 60 seconds, and the inactivation logarithm value could reach 3.0, In the cotton swab group, microwave power of 700 W irradiated for 120 seconds, and the inactivation logarithm value was still less than 3.0. This indicated that there were differences in the conditions for microwave inactivation of the virus in different carriers. The qPCR result showed that microwave irradiation could weak the proliferation ability of the virus. Microwave irradiation had no effect on the virus's Penton and Fiber genes, but caused some damage to the Hexon and E2 B genes. The inactivation effect of individual heat treatment on HAdV-2 was weaker than that of microwave irradiation, and there was no damage to the Hexon, Penton, Fiber, and E2 B genes. This indicated the presence of non thermal effects during the microwave inactivation process. Conclusions:Microwave irradiation can inactivate HAdV-2 in simulated infectied wastes through thermal and non-thermal effects, and its damage to viral DNA is one of the mechanisms of virus inactivation.

Objective: To explore trends of adolescent induced abortion in Guangzhou, and to provide a reference for female adolescents induced abortion prevention and reproductive health promotion. Methods: A retrospective survey was conducted to collect information regarding basic characteristics, frequency of induced abortion and risk factors of 7 648 adolescents aged 12-24 years who received induced abortion in one maternal and child health care hospital during 2015 to 2019. Chi square test and trend analysis were carried out for data analysis. Results: Adolescents with first pregnancy, nulliparity and first abortion accounted for 61.28 %, 81.63%, 71.82%, respectively; a total of 1 251 adolescents aged 12-19 had induced abortion, accounting for 16.36%, and 6 397 adolescents aged 20-24 had induced abortion, accounting for 83.64%, the number of pregnancy, parity, and induced abortion in aged 20-24 was higher than that in the aged 12-19, and the differences were statistically significant ( P ＜0.05). The proportion of the aged 12-19 showed an overall downward trend in each year, while that of aged 20-24 showed an overall upward trend, and there was a statistically significant difference between the two groups ( χ 2 trend =22.99, P <0.01); the first pregnancy accounted for 61.28 %, and the number of pregnancies showed an overall upward trend ( χ 2 trend =9.06, P <0.05). The proportion of repeated abortion did not increase significantly, but the proportion of recurrent repeated abortion (within one year) showed an upward trend ( χ 2 trend = 6.69, P <0.05). The proportion of adolescents with reproductive tract infection showed a downward trend ( χ 2 trend =4.91, P < 0.01 ). Conclusion The proportion of induced abortion in first pregnancy and nulliparrous female adolescents is relatively high and showed an upward trend, which may be related to insufficient reproductive health knowledge and the lack of reproductive health education from society, school and family. Necessary resources should be devoted to adolescents with recurrent repeated abortion, as well as adolescent reproductive health education, post abortion and medical care, the decrease in the rate of reproductive tract infection in adolescents suggests that the awareness of reproductive tract infection prevention has been improved.

Objective: To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of HIV-infected pregnant women and exposed infant in Guangdong province and identify the factors associated with infant HIV infection through mother-to-child transmission. Methods: National Information System for Prevention of mother-to-child HIV Transmission and Early Infant Diagnosis Information Management Platform were used to collect the individual information about HIV-infected pregnant women and exposed infants who were delivered in Guangdong from January 1, 2014 to December 31 in 2017. The differences in pregnant women’s demographic data, history of pregnancy and childbirth, the utilization of mother-to-child transmission prevention services and early infant diagnosis between the infected HIV exposed infants and uninfected HIV exposed infants were compared, and univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify the factors associated with mother-to-child HIV transmission. Results: Among 349 HIV infected pregnant women, the proportions of the pregnant women whose HIV infection status were confirmed before pregnancy, during pregnancy and at or after childbirth were 30.4% (106/349), 49.6% (173/349) and 20.0% (70/349) respectively. The proportions of those with sexual partners whose HIV infection status were unknown and those receiving no antiviral treatment were 39.5% (138/349) and 13.2% (46/349) respectively. Among the HIV exposed infants, the mother-to-child transmission rate was 4.2%(15/353), the HIV exposed infants had the first or second early diagnosis tests within 44 (P₂₅-P₇₅: 42-50) days and 96 (P₂₅-P₇₅: 92-106) days after birth, respectively. Univariate logistic regression analysis indicated that the risk for mother-to-child HIV transmission increased in those whose HIV infection status were confirmed at or after childbirth compared with before pregnancy (OR=5.72, 95%CI: 1.52-21.61) and in the group that antiviral treatment was given to either mothers or infants compared with the group that antiviral treatment was given to both mothers and infants (OR=33.56, 95%CI: 9.04-124.55), while there was lower mother-to-child HIV transmission risk in artificial feeding group compared with breast feeding group (OR=0.07, 95%CI: 0.01-0.76). Conclusion The risk of mother-to-child HIV transmission in Guangdong can be effectively reduced by the measures of early diagnosis, antiviral treatment and artificial feeding as well as the improvement of mother-to-child transmission prevention service.

Objective: To better understand the evolution and epidemiology of human adenovirus-55 (HAdV-55) and provide a scientific basis for the prevention and control of the epidemic of HAdV-55 in China. Methods: HAdV-55 isolates from 5 provinces in China included Beijing, Hebei, Shandong, Hunan and Yunnan were collected during 2011-2014. The hexon, fiber and penton base gene were sequenced, and compared with other strains of HAdV-55 sequences downloaded from GenBank for homology and evolution analysis. Results: During the past decade, HAdV-55 was found in 15 provinces throughout China. Genetic and phylogenetic analysis showed that the HAdV-55 virus is highly conservative in evolution due to aggregation in a branch in the evolutionary tree. However, bayesian phylogenetic tree shows a certain time evolution trend. The evolution rate of hexon and fiber gene of HAdV-55 are 5.228×10^-5 and 1.238×10^-4 substitutions/site/year respectively, and the latest coevolutionary ancestor tMRCA of hexon gene can be traced back to 1963. Conclusions HAdV-55 has been widely spread and continued circulating in China. Establishing effective monitoring system and conducting vaccine related research is very important for its control and prevention.

Objective To investigate the prevalence,subtypes and infected population of influenza (flu) viruses in Xuzhou city from 2010 to 2015,providing scientific supports for influenza prevention and control.Methods Molecular detection and virus isolation were carried out with the throat swab samples collected from influenza-like illness(ILI) cases of national sentinel hospitals and the flu outbreaks.Results The influenza has obvious epidemic characteristics seasonally,two concentrated outbreaks in every December to next March and August to September.The positive rates were different among age groups,the highest was in less than ten years old group (64.36％),then 10-19 years old group (10.69％),and the lowest was in 50-59 years old group (3.77％).A total of 15 245 swab specimens were collected in which 1 459 strains were detected and identified for influenza viruses with total positive rate of 9.57％.Among these positive samples,593 samples were H3 subtype (40.64％),627 samples were B subtype (42.97％),237 samples were H1 N1 subtype (16.24％).Four hundred and fouty strains were isolated fromMDCK cells the relatively isolate rate was 30.16 ％ (440/1 459),fifty nine strains from embryonated chicken (13.78％).Conclusions The epidemic types of influenza in Xuzhou from 2010 to 2015 were alternation between H3 and B.There were epidemic peaks of H1N1occurred occasionally and unstably.

OBJECTIVETo study long-term effect on renal function exposed to environmental cadmium.

METHODSStratified random sampling and cluster sampling method of epidemiological investigations were carried out in northern Guangdong province between April, 2011 and August, 2012. A total of 167 residents who lived in high cadmium exposure area for more than 15 years, aged above 40 were selected in exposed group. Moreover, A total of 145 residents who had similar living and economic conditions and lived in local for more than 15 years, aged above 40 were selected in control group. We used health questionnaires and medical examinations in order to acquire their health status. Home-harvested rice and vegetables were collected using quartering method for detection of cadmium level. Urine specimens of residents were collected for detection of cadmium level and creatinine as well as renal dysfunction biomarkers, namely, N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamidase (NAG), β2-microglobulin (β2-MG), and retinol binding protein(RBP), respectively. The analysis of spearman rank correlation and multiple regression were used to investigate the relationships between age, urinary cadmium levels and renal injury biomarkers.

RESULTSThe cadmium levels in rice and vegetables of exposed group were 0.75 and 0.10 mg/kg, both were significantly higher than 0.07 and 0.01 mg/kg in the control group (Z values were -6.32 and -7.84, all P values < 0.001). The urinary cadmium level of exposed group was 8.29 µg/g · cr, which was higher than that of the control group 2.03 µg/g · cr with significant difference (Z value was -11.39, P < 0.001). After stratified the total population by age, the urinary cadmium level in 40-49 years, 50-59 years and ≥ 60 years subgroups were 7.22, 8.71, and 13.10 µg/g · cr, which both were significantly higher than 1.80, 2.04, and 2.05 µg/g · cr in the control group (Z values were -5.22, -7.41, and -7.14, all P values < 0.001). After stratified the total population by gender, the urinary cadmium level of male and female were 5.12 and 12.36 µg/g · cr, which both were significantly higher than 1.79 and 2.16 µg/g · cr in the control group (Z values were -7.68 and -9.03, all P values < 0.001). Comparing the differences of renal dysfunction biomarkers (NAG, β2-MG, RBP) between two groups. The level of urinary β2-MG and RBP of exposed group were 0.21 and 0.04 µg/g · cr, which were higher than 0.05 and 0.00 µg/g · cr of the control group with significant difference (Z value was -7.08 and -9.65, all P values < 0.001). Pearson correlation analysis showed that NAG, β2-MG and RBP were positively correlated with urinary cadmium and age, the correlation coefficients were 0.57, 0.49, 0.21 and 0.22, 0.26, 0.23 respectively (all P values < 0.001). After adjusting the effect of age, it was appeared that urinary cadmium levels contributed most to the alteration of NAG, β2-MG and RBP, the standardized regression coefficients were 0.57, 0.49 and 0.20 (all P values < 0.001), and suggested that the cadmium body burden was one of the most important factors for renal dysfunction.

CONCLUSIONResidents, who had cadmium contaminated rice and vegetables for a long time, would take the risk of increasing body burden of cadmium and urinary early biomarkers of renal tubular injury that referred to occurrence of renal dysfunction.

Adult ; Aged ; Cadmium ; Creatinine ; Environmental Exposure ; Epidemiologic Studies ; Female ; Food Contamination ; Humans ; Kidney Diseases ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Multivariate Analysis ; Oryza ; Risk ; Time ; Vegetables

Objective To study long-term effect on renal function exposed to environmental cadmium. Methods Stratified random sampling and cluster sampling method of epidemiological investigations were carried out in northern Guangdong province between April, 2011 and August, 2012 . A total of 167 residents who lived in high cadmium exposure area for more than 15 years, aged above 40 were selected in exposed group. Moreover, A total of 145 residents who had similar living and economic conditions and lived in local for more than 15 years, aged above 40 were selected in control group. We used health questionnaires and medical examinations in order to acquire their health status. Home-harvested rice and vegetables were collected using quartering method for detection of cadmium level . Urine specimens of residents were collected for detection of cadmium level and creatinine as well as renal dysfunction biomarkers, namely, N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamidase(NAG), β2-microglobulin(β2-MG), and retinol binding protein(RBP), respectively. The analysis of spearman rank correlation and multiple regression were used to investigate the relationships between age, urinary cadmium levels and renal injury biomarkers. Results The cadmium levels in rice and vegetables of exposed group were 0.75 and 0.10 mg/kg, both were significantly higher than 0.07 and 0.01 mg/kg in the control group (Z values were-6.32 and-7.84, all P values<0.001). The urinary cadmium level of exposed group was 8.29μg/g·cr, which was higher than that of the control group 2.03μg/g·cr with significant difference(Z value was-11.39, P<0.001). After stratified the total population by age, the urinary cadmium level in 40-49 years, 50-59 years and≥60 years subgroups were 7.22, 8.71, and 13.10μg/g·cr, which both were significantly higher than 1.80, 2.04, and 2.05μg/g·cr in the control group (Z values were-5.22,-7.41, and-7.14, all P values<0.001). After stratified the total population by gender , the urinary cadmium level of male and female were 5.12 and 12.36μg/g · cr, which both were significantly higher than 1.79 and 2.16 μg/g · cr in the control group (Z values were-7.68 and-9.03, all P values<0.001). Comparing the differences of renal dysfunction biomarkers (NAG, β2-MG, RBP) between two groups. The level of urinaryβ2-MG and RBP of exposed group were 0.21 and 0.04μg/g · cr, which were higher than 0.05 and 0.00 μg/g · cr of the control group with significant difference(Z value was-7.08 and-9.65, all P values<0.001). Pearson correlation analysis showed that NAG,β2-MG and RBP were positively correlated with urinary cadmium and age, the correlation coefficients were 0.57,0.49,0.21and 0.22, 0.26, 0.23 respectively (all P values<0.001). After adjusting the effect of age, it was appeared that urinary cadmium levels contributed most to the alteration of NAG, β2-MG and RBP, the standardized regression coefficients were 0.57, 0.49 and 0.20 (all P values<0.001), and suggested that the cadmium body burden was one of the most important factors for renal dysfunction. Conclusion Residents, who had cadmium contaminated rice and vegetables for a long time, would take the risk of increasing body burden of cadmium and urinary early biomarkers of renal tubular injury that referred to occurrence of renal dysfunction.

Objective To study long-term effect on renal function exposed to environmental cadmium. Methods Stratified random sampling and cluster sampling method of epidemiological investigations were carried out in northern Guangdong province between April, 2011 and August, 2012 . A total of 167 residents who lived in high cadmium exposure area for more than 15 years, aged above 40 were selected in exposed group. Moreover, A total of 145 residents who had similar living and economic conditions and lived in local for more than 15 years, aged above 40 were selected in control group. We used health questionnaires and medical examinations in order to acquire their health status. Home-harvested rice and vegetables were collected using quartering method for detection of cadmium level . Urine specimens of residents were collected for detection of cadmium level and creatinine as well as renal dysfunction biomarkers, namely, N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamidase(NAG), β2-microglobulin(β2-MG), and retinol binding protein(RBP), respectively. The analysis of spearman rank correlation and multiple regression were used to investigate the relationships between age, urinary cadmium levels and renal injury biomarkers. Results The cadmium levels in rice and vegetables of exposed group were 0.75 and 0.10 mg/kg, both were significantly higher than 0.07 and 0.01 mg/kg in the control group (Z values were-6.32 and-7.84, all P values<0.001). The urinary cadmium level of exposed group was 8.29μg/g·cr, which was higher than that of the control group 2.03μg/g·cr with significant difference(Z value was-11.39, P<0.001). After stratified the total population by age, the urinary cadmium level in 40-49 years, 50-59 years and≥60 years subgroups were 7.22, 8.71, and 13.10μg/g·cr, which both were significantly higher than 1.80, 2.04, and 2.05μg/g·cr in the control group (Z values were-5.22,-7.41, and-7.14, all P values<0.001). After stratified the total population by gender , the urinary cadmium level of male and female were 5.12 and 12.36μg/g · cr, which both were significantly higher than 1.79 and 2.16 μg/g · cr in the control group (Z values were-7.68 and-9.03, all P values<0.001). Comparing the differences of renal dysfunction biomarkers (NAG, β2-MG, RBP) between two groups. The level of urinaryβ2-MG and RBP of exposed group were 0.21 and 0.04μg/g · cr, which were higher than 0.05 and 0.00 μg/g · cr of the control group with significant difference(Z value was-7.08 and-9.65, all P values<0.001). Pearson correlation analysis showed that NAG,β2-MG and RBP were positively correlated with urinary cadmium and age, the correlation coefficients were 0.57,0.49,0.21and 0.22, 0.26, 0.23 respectively (all P values<0.001). After adjusting the effect of age, it was appeared that urinary cadmium levels contributed most to the alteration of NAG, β2-MG and RBP, the standardized regression coefficients were 0.57, 0.49 and 0.20 (all P values<0.001), and suggested that the cadmium body burden was one of the most important factors for renal dysfunction. Conclusion Residents, who had cadmium contaminated rice and vegetables for a long time, would take the risk of increasing body burden of cadmium and urinary early biomarkers of renal tubular injury that referred to occurrence of renal dysfunction.