Xiang thinking is a cognitive approach that reflects the relationships between phenomena and their underlying principles by analyzing their external manifestations through methods such as analogy， reasoning， deduction， and symbolism. This article applied xiang thinking to analyze the etiology and pathogenesis of "wind， fire， phlegm， and blood stasis" in stroke， thereby exploring its impact on the principles of syndrome differentiation and treatment of this condition. Meanwhile， the article traced the construction process of xiang thinking， and interpreted the concept of "toxin pathogen" in traditional Chinese medicine from four perspectives， state， attribute， origin， and law. Furthermore， the relationship between the process of constructing xiang thinking and the origin of etiology， identification methods， pathogenesis evolution， and treatment strategies for stroke with syndrome of combined blood stasis and toxin was explored， so as to provide insights into research on the etiology and pathogenesis of stroke， as well as clinical diagnosis and treatment approaches.

This paper summarized the clinical experience in treating ischemic stroke with jiao （角） medicine （triple-medicinal combinations）. Clinically， the combination of Roucongrong （Cistanche deserticola）-Shanyurou （Cornus officinalis）-Guijia （Testudinis Carapax et Plastrum） is used to nourish the kidneys and liver for disease mechanism of liver-kidney depletion， and foundation deficiency due to insufficient essence and blood； the combination of Xixiancao （Sigesbeckia orientalis）-Tianma （Gastrodia elata）-Gouteng （Uncaria rhynchophylla） is used to extinguish wind and eliminate dampness for treating numbness and swelling of limbs caused by ischemic stroke； the combination of Shichangpu （Acorus Tatarinowii）-Yuanzhi （Polygala tenuifolia）-Yujin （Curcumae Radix） is used to improve intelligence， refresh the brain， and clear the mind for treating cognitive impairment， memory loss， or speech difficulties caused by ischemic stroke； the combination of Banxia （Pinellia ternata）-Baizhu （Atractylodes macrocephala）- Tianma （Gastrodiae rhizoma） is used to dissolve phlegm and extinguish wind， unblock meridians and relieve dizziness for treating dizziness or headache caused by ischemic stroke； the combination of Danggui （Angelica sinensis radix）- Chuanxiong （Ligusticum chuanxiong）-Guijianyu （Euonymus alatus） is used to nourish and activate blood circulation， remove blood stasis and unblock meridians for treating weak limbs and activiry difficulty caused by ischemic stroke； the combination of Chaihu （Bupleurum chinense）-Zhiziz （Gardenia jasminoides）-Guanye Jinsitao （Hypericum perforatum） is used to soothe the liver and resolve constraint， cool the blood and calm the mind for treating emotional complications.

The incidence of apoplexy remains persistently high among the older population.Based on the traditional Chinese medicine principle of"treating the elderly by focusing on the fu",this paper explores the holistic connotation of"fu".It proposes that the onset of apoplexy in the elderly is characterized by obstruction,stagnation,depression,and sluggishness,which should be treated from six fu viscera,xuanfu,and collaterals.The interconnected hierarchical network of these three systems,serving as macro-and micro-channels for qi and fluid metabolism,plays a central role in both disease development and treatment.The failure of the six fu viscera to descend and the upward invasion of turbid yin are identified as prerequisites for apoplexy onset,whereas yang qi stagnation and xuanfu blockage act as key pathogenic drivers,and the core mechanisms involve phlegm-stasis-toxin accumulation,and dysfunction of the collaterals and fu.In the treatment,acute phase requires unblocking fu viscera and restoring xuanfu patency;chronic phase focuses on dredging collaterals and opening xuanfu;and recovery phase emphasizes tonifying combined with regulating xuanfu.The understanding of"treating the elderly by focusing on the fu"emphasizes that the pathogenesis of the disease should be changed to individual conditions;"six fu viscera-xuanfu-collaterals"exhibits a pathological mechanism characterized by the transmission and reception of pathogenic factors,as well as progressive mutual involvement;in clinical practice,treatment should meticulously assess the severity and nuances of the condition,prioritizing method that emphasizes unobstructed flow;additionally,therapy should be essential to protect stomach qi and integrate therapeutic attacks within a framework of supplementation.These principles offer valuable reference for the differentiation and treatment of apoplexy.

The incidence of apoplexy remains persistently high among the older population.Based on the traditional Chinese medicine principle of"treating the elderly by focusing on the fu",this paper explores the holistic connotation of"fu".It proposes that the onset of apoplexy in the elderly is characterized by obstruction,stagnation,depression,and sluggishness,which should be treated from six fu viscera,xuanfu,and collaterals.The interconnected hierarchical network of these three systems,serving as macro-and micro-channels for qi and fluid metabolism,plays a central role in both disease development and treatment.The failure of the six fu viscera to descend and the upward invasion of turbid yin are identified as prerequisites for apoplexy onset,whereas yang qi stagnation and xuanfu blockage act as key pathogenic drivers,and the core mechanisms involve phlegm-stasis-toxin accumulation,and dysfunction of the collaterals and fu.In the treatment,acute phase requires unblocking fu viscera and restoring xuanfu patency;chronic phase focuses on dredging collaterals and opening xuanfu;and recovery phase emphasizes tonifying combined with regulating xuanfu.The understanding of"treating the elderly by focusing on the fu"emphasizes that the pathogenesis of the disease should be changed to individual conditions;"six fu viscera-xuanfu-collaterals"exhibits a pathological mechanism characterized by the transmission and reception of pathogenic factors,as well as progressive mutual involvement;in clinical practice,treatment should meticulously assess the severity and nuances of the condition,prioritizing method that emphasizes unobstructed flow;additionally,therapy should be essential to protect stomach qi and integrate therapeutic attacks within a framework of supplementation.These principles offer valuable reference for the differentiation and treatment of apoplexy.

Ventricular remodeling is a crucial pathological process in the prognosis and regression of myocardial infarction. Guided by the theory of “yang transforms into qi， while yin constitutes form" of The Inner Canon of Yellow Emperor （《黄帝内经》）， combined with the pathological characteristics and manifestations of ventricular remodelling， it is believed that insufficient "yang transforms into qi" and excess "yin constitutes form" resulting to heart yang deficiency and turbid pathogen obstruction are the basic pathomechanism of ventricular remodelling after myocardial infarction； insufficient "yin constitutes form" and excess "yang transforms into qi" resulting to inadequate nourishment of the heart meridians and the emergence of various pathological changes are the key pathomechanism of prognosis and regression. Combined with clinical practice， we advocated that harmonizing yin and yang to maintain the dynamic balance of "yang transforms into qi" and "yin constitutes form". We also proposed the use of warming and tonifying to harmonise qi and transform it to help yang transport； resolving phlegm and removing dampness， invigorating blood and resolving toxins to disperse yin accumulation； clearing heat and extinguishing wind， and nourishing yin and channels to improve the prognosis. All these findings and summary could provide ideas on traditional Chinese medicine for prevention and treatment of ventricular remodelling after myocardial infarction.

Objective To study the medication law of Professor Zhang Yunling in the treatment of headache based on data mining technology;To provide ideas for the clinical treatment of headache.Methods Professor Zhang Yunling's outpatient TCM prescription data for the treatment of headache from Sep.2017 to Dec.2020 were collected,and the Ancient and Modern Medical Record Cloud Platform 2.3.5 was used to mine the selected TCM prescriptions for herbal medicine frequency statistics,property,taste and meridian tropism statistics,herbal medicine efficacy statistics,correlation analysis,clustering analysis,complex network analysis,etc.Results Through collection and screening,totally 332 prescriptions were included,involving 178 kinds of Chinese materia medica,with a total frequency of 5 380 times.The top 10 kinds of Chinese materia medica were Chuanxiaong Rhizoma,Paeoniae Radix alba,Atractyodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma,Testudinis Carapax et Plastrum,Bambusae Caulis in Taenia,Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma,Astragali Radix,Amomi Fructus Rotundus,Pinelliae Rhizoma Praeparatum,and Polygalae Radix.They were mainly warm,mild and slightly cold in properties,sweet,pungent and bitter in tastes,and liver,lung,spleen meridian in meridian tropism.In the statistics of herbal medicine efficacy,expelling wind and relieving pain,suppressing liver yang,promoting blood circulation and qi,clearing heart and relieving restlessness,clearing heat and detoxifying,softening liver and relieving pain were used more frequently.The combinations in herbal medicines association included"Atractyodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma-Chuanxiaong Rhizoma","Testudinis Carapax et Plastrum-Paeoniae Radix alba","Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma-Paeoniae Radix alba","Testudinis Carapax et Plastrum-Chuanxiaong Rhizoma","Bambusae Caulis in Taenia-Chuanxiaong Rhizoma".Herbal medicines clustering clustered 32 kinds of high-frequency herbal medicines used more than 60 times into 6 categories.Complex network analysis screened out the core formula for the treatment of headache:Chuanxiaong Rhizoma,Paeoniae Radix alba,Atractyodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma,Bambusae Caulis in Taenia,Pinelliae Rhizoma Praeparatum,Testudinis Carapax et Plastrum,Astragali Radix,Amomi Fructus Rotundus,and Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma.Conclusion In the treatment of headache,Professor Zhang Yunling holds that the pathogenesis of headache is deficiency in origin and excess in superficiality,deficiency of qi and blood,loss of nourishment of brain collaterals,stagnation of phlegm and dampness,disturbance of wind pathogen,obstruction of brain collaterals,and the location of the disease is related to the five viscera and involves the stomach.Focuses on tonifying deficiency and reducing excess,treats exterior and interior separately,and gives consideration to both the symptoms and the root causes,which often uses drugs to treat headache,such as dispelling wind and relieving pain,promoting blood circulation and relieving pain,relieving spasm and relieving pains,eliminating phlegm and dampness,invigorating qi and spleen,nourishing blood and yin,eliminating dampness and regulating stomach,relieving depression and restlessness,which can provide some reference for the clinical treatment of headache.

Xiang thinking is the key way of thinking to construct the life model of human body in traditional Chinese medicine （TCM）， and the theory of ascending and descending of qi movement is an important manifestation of xiang thinking in the theory of TCM. Based on the theory of qi movement， this paper interpreted the mechanism of ischemic stroke through the perspective of xiang thinking "earth weakness - wood constraint - fire hyperactivity"， as "earth weakness in the central and dampness accumulated to phlegm" "wood constraint and stirring wind led to blood stasis" and "fire hyperactivity and fire toxin showed flaming upward" due to disorder of qi movement. Combined with the "xiang of medicinal properties and therapy methods" to discuss the treatment and prescriptions of ischaemic stroke， applying wind medicinals to elevate ji-earth （己土） and yi-wood （乙木）， so that phlegm and stasis can be eliminated， and cold medicinals to descend jia-wood （甲木） and wu-earth （戊土） so that fire toxin can be cleared， with a view to restore ascending and descending of qi movement for ischaemic stroke.

ObjectiveTo summarize the thinking of treatment of headache based on syndrome differentiation by reviewing the literature of materia medica in the past dynasties， so as to guide the clinical practice. MethodAll the literature of materia medica in the Chinese Medical Dictionary， involving 76 works from Han to Qing Dynasties， were searched， and the information of the herbs for treating headache was extracted. According to Chinese Materia Medica （11th Edition） and Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China （2020 Edition）， the nature， taste， and meridian tropism of the selected herbs were statistically analyzed， and the syndrome elements of headache were classified and counted. In addition， the contents of syndrome differentiation and treatment of headache by different herbs were extracted. ResultFrom the 76 monographs of materia medica in the past dynasties， 114 herbs for treating headache were selected. The herbs mainly had cold or warm nature， pungent or bitter taste， and tropism to the lung and live meridians. The syndrome elements of headache treated by the herbs mainly included wind attack， fire disturbance， turbid obstruction， stagnation， cold coagulation， and healthy Qi deficiency. ConclusionHeadache is mainly treated with the herbs with the effects of dispelling pathogenic wind， clearing heat and purging fire， eliminating phlegm and resolving dampness， regulating Qi movement and activating blood， warming Yang and dispelling cold， and tonifying deficiency and reinforcing healthy Qi， and the herbs are often used in combinations. Headache is treated following the principles of dispelling wind and pathogen， regulating Qi and blood， and tonifying deficiency and purging excess， which is in line with the laws of obstruction and nutrient deficiency causing pain.

This paper summarized Professor ZHANG Yunling's experience in the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis （ALS） from emphasis on both spleen and kidney. It is considered that the characteristic of ALS manifested as overlap of atrophy-flaccidity disease and convulsive disease， and the core pathogenesis are the deficiency of spleen and kidney and the inner pathogenic qi. ZHANG advocated that ALS should be treated from tonifying both the spleen and kidney， as strong spleen and kidney led the latent pathogen at peace. Usually applied Huangqi （Astragalus mongholicus）， Baizhu （Atractylodes macrocephala） combined with Taizishen （Pseudostellaria heterophylla）， fried Yiyiren （Coix lacryma-jobi）， Doukou （Myristica fragrans） and Sharen （Wurfbainia villosa） to tonify the middle and replenish qi， ascend lucidity and descend turbidity to invigorate the spleen； Roucongrong （Cistanche deserticola）， Tusizi （Cuscuta chinensis） combined with Shanyao （Dioscorea oppositifolia）， Shanzhuyu （Cornus officinalis） and prepared Dihuang （Rehmannia glutinosa） are used to support the fire and nourish the water， so as to replenish the spleen. The empirical formula regarded invigorateing the spleen and replenishing the kidney as the core therapeutic principle throughout the treatment of the whole process， which aimed at extinguishing inner wind and pacifying latent pathogen when treating the root.

ObjectiveTo discuss the thought of treatment of orifices in the Chinese herbal classics in the past dynasties based on the correspondence between drugs and symptoms to guide the clinical treatment based on syndrome differentiation. MethodAll the literature data of Chinese herbal classics were retrieved from the database of the Chinese Medical Dictionary， involving 76 works of Chinese herbal classics and covering representative works from the Han dynasty to the Ming and Qing dynasties. The information on Chines herbal drugs for the treatment of orifices was collected and sorted out. According to Chinese Materia Medica （11^th Edition） and Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China （2020 Edition）， the nature， flavor， and meridian tropism of the selected Chinese herbal drugs were statistically analyzed. The pathogenesis elements in the treatment of orifices were classified and counted， and the contents of syndrome differentiation and treatment in various Chinese herbal classics were extracted. ResultIn 76 Chinese herbal classics in the past dynasties， 93 Chinese herbal drugs for the treatment of orifices were selected. The nature of drugs was mainly warm， followed by cold and mild. The flavor was mainly pungent， followed by bitter and sweet. In terms of meridian tropism， drugs mainly acted on the lung meridian， followed by stomach， heart， liver， spleen， and kidney meridians. The pathogenesis elements of orifices could be divided into six categories， i.e.， wind invasion， turbid obstruction and Qi stagnation， water and dampness stagnation， blood stasis and collaterals blockage， heat and toxin damage， deficiency of vital Qi and cold coagulation. ConclusionOrifices are mainly treated with drugs effective in dispelling wind and pathogenic factors， resolving turbidity and removing stagnation， inducing diuresis and eliminating dampness， promoting blood circulation and dredging collaterals， clearing heat and purging fire， tonifying deficiency and dispelling cold， which are used in combination. Eliminating pathogenic factors and dredging， tonifying deficiency and purging excess are the main characteristics of treatment of orifices based on syndrome differentiation， which is in line with the physiological dysfunction state of orifices in losing the function， evil Qi blockage and healthy Qi deficiency.