Endosomes are organelles in intracellular trafficking, signal transduction, and metabolic regulation. Their dysfunctions are closely related to the pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental disorders (i.e., autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia) and neurodegenerative diseases (i.e., Alzheimer′s disease, Parkinson′s disease, and Huntington′s disease). This review systematically summarizes advances in understanding endosomal dysfunction across these two categories of diseases. In neurodevelopmental disorders, dysregulated endosome-mediated sorting and recycling of membrane receptors may disrupt synaptic plasticity and neuronal network development. In neurodegenerative diseases, impaired endosomal acidification, trafficking dysfunction, and disrupted crosstalk with the lysosomal system exacerbate the pathological accumulation of toxic proteins, such as β-amyloid and hyperphosphorylated tau. Emerging evidence further suggests that genetic mutations or aberrant expression of endosome-related genes may represent a shared molecular mechanism underlying both disease categories. Future research should focus on deciphering the spatiotemporally dynamic regulatory networks of endosomes and elucidating their heterogeneous roles in neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative contexts, aiming to provide a theoretical foundation for developing diagnostic biomarkers and targeted therapeutic strategies.

Tumor microenvironment is the result of dynamic interactions between different cellular and non-cellular components,including cancer cells themselves,extracellular matrix,immune cells and various non immune cells.Microenvironment is closely related to the growth,metastasis and prognosis of breast cancer,and is closely related to the current popular targeted therapy and immunotherapy.Radiomics is a new field of translational medicine based on extracting high-dimensional data from images to obtain reliable models that can be applied to clinical practice.In this review,the latest advances in the application of radiomics to the tumor microenvironment of breast cancer are discussed.

Tumor microenvironment is the result of dynamic interactions between different cellular and non-cellular components,including cancer cells themselves,extracellular matrix,immune cells and various non immune cells.Microenvironment is closely related to the growth,metastasis and prognosis of breast cancer,and is closely related to the current popular targeted therapy and immunotherapy.Radiomics is a new field of translational medicine based on extracting high-dimensional data from images to obtain reliable models that can be applied to clinical practice.In this review,the latest advances in the application of radiomics to the tumor microenvironment of breast cancer are discussed.

Endosomes are organelles in intracellular trafficking, signal transduction, and metabolic regulation. Their dysfunctions are closely related to the pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental disorders (i.e., autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia) and neurodegenerative diseases (i.e., Alzheimer′s disease, Parkinson′s disease, and Huntington′s disease). This review systematically summarizes advances in understanding endosomal dysfunction across these two categories of diseases. In neurodevelopmental disorders, dysregulated endosome-mediated sorting and recycling of membrane receptors may disrupt synaptic plasticity and neuronal network development. In neurodegenerative diseases, impaired endosomal acidification, trafficking dysfunction, and disrupted crosstalk with the lysosomal system exacerbate the pathological accumulation of toxic proteins, such as β-amyloid and hyperphosphorylated tau. Emerging evidence further suggests that genetic mutations or aberrant expression of endosome-related genes may represent a shared molecular mechanism underlying both disease categories. Future research should focus on deciphering the spatiotemporally dynamic regulatory networks of endosomes and elucidating their heterogeneous roles in neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative contexts, aiming to provide a theoretical foundation for developing diagnostic biomarkers and targeted therapeutic strategies.

AIM:To explore the therapeutic effect of teprenone(geranylgeranylacetone,GGA)on lipopolysac-charide(LPS)-induced cardiac dysfunction and its mechanism.METHODS:(1)Eight-week-old male C57BL/6 wild-type mice and carboxyl terminus of heat shock protein 70(HSP70)-interacting protein(CHIP)gene knockout mice were randomly divided into control group,LPS group,LPS+GGA group and GGA group,with 8 mice in each group.The model was established by intraperitoneal injection of LPS(25 mg/kg),and 1 h after LPS stimulation,mice were given intraperito-neal injection of GGA(100 mg/kg).The technique of high-resolution ultrasonography system was used to evaluate the car-diac function of mice.The serum of mice from each group were collected to detect the levels of creatine kinase-MB(CK-MB)and lactate dehydrogenase(LDH).HE staining was performed to observe histological changes of cardiac tissues.ELISA was used to detect the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α)and interleukin-6(IL-6)in cardiac tissues.West-ern blot was used to detect the protein levels of HSP70,CHIP,karyopherin-α 2(KPNA2),myeloperoxidase(MPO),vas-cular cell adhesion molecule(VCAM),intercellular cell adhesion molecule(ICAM),and nuclear factor-κB(NF-κB)in cardiac tissues.(2)In vitro cell inflammation model was established using mouse myocardial cells HL-1 stimulated with LPS.ELISA was used to detect the levels of TNF-α and IL-6 in cell supernatants.Western blot was used to detect the pro-tein expression levels of HSP70,CHIP,and KPNA2 in myocardial cells.Immunofluorescence staining was performed to observe the content of nuclear NF-κB.RESULTS:(1)GGA effectively improved cardiac function of LPS-stimulated mice,significantly increased ejection fraction and left ventricular fractional shortening(P<0.01),reduced serum levels of CK-MB and LDH(P<0.01),and alleviated myocardial injury.(2)GGA significantly reduced the release of TNF-α and IL-6 caused by LPS(P<0.01),as well as nuclear translocation of NF-κB,decreased the levels of KPNA2,MPO,VCAM and ICAM in cardiac tissues,and increased the levels of HSP70 in cardiac tissues and cells(P<0.01).(3)In CHIP knockout myocardial cells and mice,GGA failed to inhibit LPS-induced inflammatory response and lost its effect on im-proving cardiac function.CONCLUSION:The protective effect of GGA against LPS-caused cardiac dysfunction of mice is related to increasing expression of HSP70 and promoting CHIP activation,which inhibits the translocation of NF-κB into nucleus and suppresses inflammatory factor release.CHIP knockout abolishes the effects of GGA on reducing LPS-induced inflammatory response and myocardial injury.

Pyroptosis is a novel mode for programmed cell death discovered and confirmed in recent years. The Gasdermins (GSDMs) family is a key effector molecule mediating pyroptosis. As an important cause of extensive inflammatory damage and side effects of conventional chemotherapy drugs, anomalous pyroptosis has also been associated with hearing loss, tumor, and disorders of the immune system. The GSDME protein, encoded by the GSDME ( DFNA5) gene, belongs to the GSDMs family and is a key factor mediating pyroptosis. Gain-of-function variants of the GSDME gene can lead to GSDME-related hearing loss, which shows an autosomal dominant inheritance. This article has reviewed the role of GSDME-mediated pyroptosis in the pathogenesis of GSDME-related hearing loss, with an aim to provide insights into the treatment of GSDME-related hearing loss.

Objective:To explore the efficacy of digital and 3D printing technologies on design of superficial iliac circumflex artery flap for coverage the donor site of anterolateral thigh flap(ALTF).Methods:Clinical data of 8 patients were studied retrospectively for treatment of soft tissue defects of hand in the Department of Hand Surgery, Wuxi NO.9 People's Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, from April 2017 to October 2021. The patients were 6 males and 2 females, aged from 29 to 59 years(mean, 45.8 years). Cause of injury: 3 patients were crushed, 2 by hot pressing, and 3 by machine strangulation. Site of injury included: 5 cases were dorsal hand defects and 3 cases were palm defects. All the wounds were contaminated to varying degrees with soft tissue defects. The areas of soft tissue defect ranged from 11 cm×10 cm to 22 cm×14 cm. Four patients had combined injuries of open fracture of metacarpals and phalanges and 3 with tendon defects. All wounds were repaired by free ALTF transplantation. And the donor sites in the thigh were repaired by superficial iliac circumflex artery flaps. The secondary wounds caused by flap harvesting on abdominal wall were closed directly. The targeted perforator vessels were detected preoperatively by CTA combined with CDU. 3D printed models of the affected hand were obtained before operation for individualised repairs according to the shape and area of the wounds. After the operation, all patients entered scheduled follow-ups at the outpatient clinic and via internet by observing the flap shape and testing the recovery of sensory and movement of adjacent joint.Results:The shapes and sizes of the wounds and the flaps were found basically in accordance with those in the preoperative simulative designs. All flaps in 8 patients survived and the wounds healed completely. All patients entered follow-ups for 8 to 24(average, 17.5) months. The donor thighs presented good appearance and colour, pliability without bloating. The range of motion of the hips and knees was not affected. Only linear scars remained in the abdominal donor sites, with natural colour and appearance.Conclusion:Digital and 3D printing technologies in preoperative design of flaps can help to locate the perforator vessels intraoperatively and guide the individualised design of the flaps with improved operation efficiency and satisfactory appearance of the flaps.

In recent years, the problem of bacterial resistance has become more and more serious, which has brought troubles to global public health and medical care. The time and money required to develop new antibiotics is even greater than before. Bacteriophage is a kind of virus that can specifically infect bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes and other microorganisms. Relying on host bacteria to replicate in large numbers, rich species, low research and development cost, the value of anti-infection therapy is very considerable. It is a new generation of biological antimicrobial agents with great potential. This paper briefly describes the sterilization mechanism, progress of research on anti-infection aspect and clinical application of phage, in order to provide reference for phage anti-infection treatment and clinical application.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the clinical experiences and access the auditory performance and speech intelligibility of cochlear implantees with inner ear malformations. METHOD: A retrospective study was performed on the surgical characteristics and the mapping characteristics after implantation of patients who received mult-channel cochlear implantation from 2000 to 2007 in Xijing Hospital. Matched with normal implanted, rank -sum test was performed to compare scores of categories of auditory performance (CAP) and speech intelligibility rating(SIR). RESULT: After the regular rehabilitation, the long term follow-up of the auditory performance and speech intelligibility were very positive. There was no significant difference between normal group and malformations group. CONCLUSION The cochlear implantation can be performed safely in patients with malformed inner ear. The results suggest that cochlear implantation could also provide long-term benefits to those malformed inner ear cases.
Child ; Child, Preschool ; Cochlea ; abnormalities ; surgery ; Cochlear Implantation ; rehabilitation ; Cochlear Implants ; Deafness ; rehabilitation ; surgery ; Ear, Inner ; abnormalities ; surgery ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Male ; Retrospective Studies ; Speech Perception ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Treatment Outcome

Objective To investigate the related factors of speech intelligibility in the prelingually deafened children after cochlear implantation. Methods 47 prelingually deafened children who had received cochlear implantation and their families were investigated with questionnaires and analyzed with Fisher test. Results The age when cochlea implanted, the age when hearing aided, the time after the cochlear implantation and the time the cochlea opened were related with their speech intelligibility rating. Conclusion Suitable time for implantation, the hearing aid and making reasonable rehabilitation programme play a crucial role in the hearing rehabilitation of prelingually deafened children after cochlear implantation.