Alzheimer's disease(AD)is a highly destructive neurodegenerative disorder,and due to its complex pathology and insuffi-cient treatment,it is urgent to explore new targets that can directly address the root cause of the disease.In recent years,numerous stud-ies have shown that triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2(TREM2)in microglial cells has the function of delaying the pro-gression of AD,and its abnormality plays a key role in the development and progression of AD,with a potential of being used as a target for the treatment of AD.This article reviews the biological characteristics of TREM2 and discusses its important role in the three major pathological features of AD and its potential as a target for AD treatment,in order to deepen the understanding of the role of TREM2 in AD and provide a theoretical reference for exploring new targets for AD treatment in the future.

Objective:To analyze the broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA), speed of sound (SOS), standard deviation of bone density (T-Score) and stiffness index (SI) with bone mineral density (BMD) in elderly female patients with knee osteoarthritis and their diagnostic efficacy of osteoporosis.Methods:Fifty elderly female patients with knee osteoarthritis admitted o Tangshan People′s Hospital from January 2021 to January 2022 were selected as the observation group, and 40 healthy female patients during the same period were selected as the control group. The results of BUA, SI, T-score and SOS in observation group and control group were analyzed and compared. The BUA, SI, T-score and SOS in elderly women with knee osteoarthritis at different ages and with different bone densities were compared, and the diagnostic value of BUA, SI, T-score and SOS in osteoporosis was analyzed by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve.Results:The BUA, SI and T-score of observation group were lower than that in the control group, while SOS was higher than that in the control group (all P<0.05). Among elderly female patients with knee osteoarthritis of different ages, the older the age, the lower the BUA, SI and T-score (all P<0.05), while there was no statistical significance in SOS of elderly female patients with knee osteoarthritis of different ages ( P>0.05). In elderly women with knee osteoarthritis with different BMD grades, the BUA, SI, and T-score in the osteoporosis group were lower than those in the osteopenia group and the normal bone group, and the BUA, SI, and T-score in the osteopenia group were lower than those in the normal bone group; the SOS in the osteoporosis group was higher than those in the osteopenia group and the normal bone group, and the SOS in the osteopenia group was higher than those in the normal bone group (all P<0.05). BUA, SOS, T-score and SI had high sensitivity and specificity in the diagnosis of osteoporosis in elderly women with knee osteoarthritis (all P<0.05). Conclusions:BMD in elderly women with knee osteoarthritis is associated with BUA, SI, T-score, and SOS, and has high diagnostic value for osteoporosis.

Objective: To establish a new standard for the quality evaluation of Schisandrae chinensis Fructus. Methods: On the basis of the 2015 edition pharmacopoeia standard of Schisandrae chinensis Fructus, some testing items including the characteristic chro-matogram (HPLC) and total lignans content (UV) were established. Results: With schizandrin as the reference material, the HPLC specific chromatograms of Schisandrae chinensis Fructus including 7 characteristic peaks were established. The content of total lignans in Schisandrae chinensis Fructus was not less than 1. 8% with schizandrin as the standard. Conclusion: The proposed quality evalua-tion standard is more comprehensive and reproducible. It can provide a more scientific evaluation tool for the quality evaluation of Schisandrae chinensis Fructus and its related preparations.

Objective: To establish an HPLC-ELSD method for the content determination of rosolic acid in Radix Rubi.Methods: The ELSD-HPLC content determination of rosolic acid was set up using a Vision HT C 18 HL column(250 mm× 4.6 mm ,5 μm), the mobile phase was methanol-0.1% trifluoroacetic acid with a flow rate of 0.8 ml·min-1 , the column temperature was 35℃, the temperature of drift tube heater was 90 ℃ and the gas was with the flow rate of 2.3 L ·min-1 .Results: The linear range of rosolic acid was 0.155-4.346 μg (r=0.999 9).The average recovery was 100.4% with RSD of 1.88% (n =6).Conclusion: The method is simple and accurate.It can be used for the quality control of Radix Rubi.

Objective:To establish the quality standard for Herba Euphorbia esulae. Methods:A TLC method was used to identify Herba Euphorbia esulae. An HPLC method was used to determine the content of quercetin with the following conditions: an AlltimaTM C18column(150 mm ×4.6 mm,5 μm) was eluted with the mobile phase of acetonitrile-0.4％ phosphoric acid(30 :70), the flow rate was 1. 0 ml·min-1 , the detection wavelength was 360 nm and the column temperature was 35℃. Results:The characteristic spots of samples were the same as those of the standard samples. The linear range of quercetin was 3.194-102.208 μg·ml-1(r=0.9999) and the average recovery was 99. 0％ (RSD=1. 68％, n=6). Conclusion:The method is quick, simple and accurate, which can be used for the quality control of Herba Euphorbia esulae.

Objective: To express envelope protein of ZIKA virus in baculovirus expression system. Methods: Full-length E gene of ZIKA virus was obtained by DNA synthesis and inserted into vector pFastBac1. The constructed recombinant baculovirus transfer vector pFB1-E was transformed to competent DH10Bac cells. The obtained skeleton plasmid rBacmid-E was transfected to sf9 cells, and the constructed recombinant baculovirus rBac-E was determined for titer, for insertion of E gene by PCR, and for expression of E protein by IFA and Western blotting. Results: PCR proved that skeleton plasmid rBacmid-E was constructed correctly. The titer of rBac-E of passage 3 was 2.58×10⁵pfu/ml. The genome of infected cells virus was extracted, the gene band at length of 3 830 bp was observed after PCR amplification. Indirect immunofluorescence of the infected cells showed the specific green fluorescence, 55×10³specific band was determined by Western blotting identification in the cell pellet of the infected recombinant baculovirus rBac-E. Conclusions The recombinant baculovirus with E gene of ZIKA virus was successfully constructed, which laid a foundation of further study on the function of E protein and the vaccine of ZIKA virus.

Objective:To optimize the extraction process for the total saponins from the root of Thladiantha dubia Bunge. Meth-ods:The extraction technology was optimized by orthogonal experiment with the dissolution content of total saponins as the index and the extraction times, extraction duration and ratio of solid to liquid as the influencing factors. Results:The optimum extraction condi-tions for the total saponins from the root of Thladiantha dubia Bunge were as follows:the reflux extraction was conducted twice(1. 5 h per time) with 70% ethanol as the solvent, and the ratio of solid to liquid was 1 ∶6. Conclusion:The optimum extraction technology is simple, reproducible and stable.

Objective:To establish an HPLC-ELSD method for the determination of mahuannin A in ephedrae radix et rhizoma. Methods:The content of mahuannin A was determined by an HPLC-ELSD method on an Alltima TM C18 column (250 mm × 4. 6 mm, 5 μm). The mobile phase was acetonitrile-water (28∶ 72) with a flow rate of 0. 7 ml·min-1, and the column temperature was 30℃. The temperature of drift tube heater was 105℃ and the flow rate of carrier gas was 2. 8 L·min-1 . Results:The linear range of mahua-nnin A was 42. 56-383. 04 μg·ml-1(r=0. 999 8). The average recovery and RSD was 99. 9% and 1. 96%(n=6), respectively. Conclusion:The method is simple and the result is accurate. It can be used for the quality control of ephedrae radix et rhizaoma.

Objective:To optimize the extraction process of the total flavonoids from Ephedrae Radix Et Rhizoma. Methods:The purification method of the total flavonoids from Ephedrae Radix Et Rhizoma was optimized with the yield and content of the total fla-vonoids as the indices. Based on the above research, the process parameters were optimized by an orthogonal test. Results:The opti-mum purification conditions were as follows:the volume fraction of ethanol was 50%, the stirring extraction time was 20 min, and the liquid-solid ratio was 8∶ 1(ml·g-1). Conclusion:The optimum purification technology is simple and reproducible, and suitable for the industrial production.

OBJECTIVE: Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a common mood disorder associated with several psychophysiological changes like disturbances of sleep, appetite, or sexual desire, and it affects the patients' life seriously. We aimed to explore a genetic method to investigate the mechanism of MDD. METHODS: The mRNA expression profile (GSE53987) of MDD was downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus database, including 105 samples of three brain regions in post-mortem tissue suffered from MDD and unaffected controls. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in MDD were identified using the Limma package in R. Gene Ontology functions and Kyoto Enrichment of Genes and Genomes pathways of the selected DEGs were enriched using Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery. Protein-protein interactive network of DEGs was constructed using the Cytoscape software. RESULTS: Totally, 241 DEGs in MDD-hip group, 218 DEGs in MDD-pfc group, and 327 DEGs in MDD-str group were identified. Also, different kinds of biological processes of DEGs in each group were enriched. Besides, glycan biosynthesis of DEGs in MDD-str group, RIG-I-like receptor signaling and pyrimidine metabolism of DEGs in the MDD-hip group were enriched, respectively. Moreover, several DEGs like PTK2, TDG and CETN2 in MDD-str group, DCT, AR and GNRHR in MDD-pfc group, and AKT1 and IRAK1 in MDD-hip group were selected from PPI network. CONCLUSION: Our data suggests that the brain striatum tissue may be greatly affected by MDD, and DEGs like PTK2, GALNT2 and GALNT2 in striatum, AR in prefrontal cortex and IRAK1 and IL12A in hippocampus may provide novel therapeutic basis for MDD treatment.
Appetite ; Biological Processes ; Brain ; Depressive Disorder, Major* ; Gene Expression ; Gene Ontology ; Genome ; Hippocampus ; Metabolism ; Microarray Analysis* ; Mood Disorders ; Prefrontal Cortex ; RNA, Messenger*