Triatoma rubrofasciata is currently the most widely distributed species of Triatoma worldwide, and it is also widespread in southern China. T. rubrofasciata has been proven to transmit Trypanosoma cruzi, and is one of vectors transmitting Chagas disease, which poses a potential risk for transmission of imported Chagas disease in China. Findings from latest studies have shown that T. rubrofasciata naturally infects T. lewisi, T. conorhini, and T. rangeli, which undoubtedly increases significant risks of and challenges to trypanosomiasis control in China. This article briefly describes the species of T. rubrofasciata-transmitted trypanosomes, and summarizes the epidemiological characteristics of trypanosomiasis, so as to provide insights into T. rubrofasciata-transmitted trypanosomiasis surveillance and control, and prevention of trypanosomiasis development and transmission in China.

Objective:To evaluate whether the mechanism by which mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes (MSC-exo) mitigated endotoxin-induced lung injury was related to the heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1)/mitochondrial signaling pathway in alveolar macrophages of mice.Methods:In vivo experiment Eighteen C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice were divided into 3 groups ( n=6 each) using a random number table method: control group (C group), lipopolysaccharide (LPS) group (L group) and LPS + MSC-exo group (LM group). Six HO-1 conditional knockout mice (HO-1 -/-) were selected and served as HO-1 -/- + MSC-exo + LPS group (HML group). The model of endotoxin-induced lung injury was prepared by injection of LPS 15 mg/kg. MSC-exo (2×10 11 particles) was intravenously injected at 1 h before injection of LPS in LM group. MSC-exo (2×10 11 particles) was intravenously injected and 1 h later LPS was injected in HML group. The expression of HO-1 in macrophages was detected using immunofluorescence, lung injury was assessed following hematoxylin-eosin staining, the wet/dry weight ratio (W/D ratio) was determined, and the mitochondrial morphology was observed with a transmission electron microscope. Cell experiment Alveolar macrophages (MH-S) were divided into 4 groups ( n=20 each) using a random number table method: control group (C group), LPS+ phosphate buffer solution group (LP group), LPS+ MSC-exo group (LM group), and LPS+ MSC-exo+ HO-1 small-interfering RNA group (LMS group). Cells were incubated for 12 h with LPS 10 μg/ml in LP, LM and LMS groups. In addition, LM group was incubated with MSC-exo 100 μg/ml, LP group was incubated with the equal volume of phosphate buffer solution, and the alveolar macrophages were transfected with HO-1 small interfering RNA and incubated with MSC-exo 100 μg/ml in LMS group at the same time. The concentrations of interleukin-1beta (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in supernatant were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, HO-1 expression was detected by Western blot, the mitochondrial membrane potential was measured using JC-1 staining, and the expression of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was detected by fluorescence. Results:In vivo experiment Compared to C group, the lung injury score and W/D ratio were significantly increased ( P<0.05), the fluorescence signal of HO-1 in macrophages was enhanced, and the damage to mitochondria was aggravated in L group. Compared to L group, the lung injury score and W/D ratio were significantly decreased ( P<0.05), the fluorescence signal of HO-1 in macrophages was enhanced, and the damage to mitochondria was reduced in LM group. Compared to LM group, the lung injury score and W/D ratio were significantly increased ( P<0.05), macrophages had no HO-1 fluorescence signal, and the damage to mitochondria was aggravated in HML group. Cell experiment Compared to C group, the concentrations of IL-1β and TNF-α in supernatant were significantly increased, the expression of HO-1 was up-regulated ( P<0.05), and the mitochondria predominantly exhibited green JC-1 fluorescence, accompanied by an enhanced ROS fluorescence signal in LP group. Compared to LP group, the concentrations of IL-1β and TNF-α in supernatant were significantly decreased, the expression of HO-1 was up-regulated ( P<0.05), and the mitochondria predominantly exhibited red JC-1 fluorescence, accompanied by a weakened ROS fluorescence signal in LM group. Compared to LM group, the concentrations of IL-1β and TNF-α in supernatant were significantly increased, the expression of HO-1 was down-regulated ( P<0.05), and the mitochondria predominantly exhibited green JC-1 fluorescence, accompanied by an enhanced ROS fluorescence signal in LMS group. Conclusions:The mechanism by which MSC-exo attenuates endotoxin-induced lung injury may be related to up-regulation of HO-1 expression in alveolar macrophages and reduction of mitochondrial damage in mice.

OBJECTIVE To introduce the characteristics and practice of billable pharmacy service programs in the United States， aiming to provide reference for the development of clinical pharmacy service and the establishment of corresponding billing criteria in China. METHODS By searching the official websites of American Pharmacists Association， American Society of Health- System Pharmacists， Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention， and the PubMed database， the contents of American billable pharmacy service programs， corresponding service billing criteria， the approaches to being paid as pharmacists and the clinical practice evidence were summarized. RESULTS Current major billable pharmacy service programs implemented in the United States included medication therapy management， outpatient pharmacy service， transition of care management， chronic disease management， annual wellness visits， as well as diabetes self-management training/education. Except for diabetes self-management training/education， which lacked robust data on practice outcomes， all other programs mentioned above were demonstrated to have positive impact on patient outcomes， reducing health care cost and/or generating revenues. The most common approaches for pharmacists to obtain reimbursement were “incident to” billing and using procedure codes. CONCLUSIONS Billable pharmacy practice programs in the United States are achieving progress in service specialization and billing standardization. China can learn from successful cases in the United States while considering its own national context， with the ultimate goal of improving the overall health outcomes of patients， so that pharmacy services can become an important part of the medical service system.

Objective To analyze the risk factors affecting the progression-free survival(PFS)of patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma(ICC)after surgical resection,and a predictive nomogram model was constructed based on blood test indicators.Methods A total of 99 ICC patients who received their first treatment at Hunan Provincial People's Hospital from January 2020 to December 2022 were selected as research subjects,they were divided into training group(n=70)and validation group(n=29).The independent risk factors for postoperative recurrence were identified using least absolute shrinkage and selection operator(LASSO)regression analysis and multivariate Cox risk regression analysis.The accuracy and clinical utility of the method were further tested by consistency index,receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve,calibration graph,decision curve analysis,and progression-free survival curve.Results LASSO and multivariate Cox risk regression analysis showed that patient's gender,tumor-lymph node metastasis,differentiation grade,tumor diameter,aspartate aminotransferase,alpha-fetoprotein,total bile acid after surgery,and monocyte changes before and after surgery were independent factors affecting the PFS of ICC patients.The predictive model based on the risk factor showed that the consistency index of the training group was 0.884 and that of the validation group was 0.838.The area under ROC curve for training group:PFS prediction at 6 months,1 year,and 2 years were 0.972,0.965 and 0.923,respectively;for validation group:PFS prediction at 6 months,1 year,and 2 years were 0.972,0.821 and 0.923,respectively.The risk score calculated according to the nomogram divided ICC patients into high-risk group and low-risk group with high postoperative recurrence risk,and the median PFS in high-risk group was significantly shorter than that in low-risk group(P＜0.05).Conclusion The nomogram constructed by this study has good predictive effect and can be used as a supplementary evaluation for predicting PFS after ICC patients.

Objective Analysing the risk factors for the occurrence of pre-frailty or frailty of the community elderly in Chengdu and constructing a risk prediction model.Methods The general information questionnaire,MNA-SF scale,Changsha version of the MoCA scale,PSQI scale,FRAIL scale,and Traditional Chinese Medicine Constitution Scale for the elderly were used in the cross-sectional survey.A total of 400 elderly people who completed community physical examinations in Chengdu from April 2022 to April 2023 were selected as the research objects.Based on multivariate Logistic regression analysis,the independent influencing factors were determined,and RStudio software was used to construct a risk prediction model nomogram.The physical examination data of 200 elderly people collected in Deyang City from June 2023 to October 2023 were used for external verification.The area under the ROC curve,Hosmer-Lemeshow test and calibration curve,and decision curve were used to evaluate the discrimination,calibration,and clinical practicability of the model.Results Age,abdominal circumference,number of chronic diseases,PSQI score,allergy history,and balanced constitution were independent influencing factors for pre-frailty/frailty in the elderly in the community(P<0.05),and the regression equation was as follows:Logit(P)=0.063×age+0.025×abdominal circumference-1.006×allergy history+0.300×number of chronic diseases+0.082×PSQI-1.013×balanced constitution-8.269.The area under the ROC curve of the modeling group was 0.779(95%CI:0.733-0.825),the sensitivity was 67.1%,the specificity was 76.3%,and the maximum Youden index was 0.434.The area under the ROC curve of the external validation group was 0.783(95%CI:0.709-0.856),the sensitivity was 62.0%,the specificity was 95.0%,and the maximum Youden index was 0.570.The Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness of fit test results of the two groups were χ2=3.285,P=0.915 and χ2=8.376,P=0.398,and the calibration curve fit was good.DCA showed that the threshold probability of clinical benefit was 5%-99%and 21%-98%.Conclusions The pre-frailty/frailty risk prediction model established in this study has good predictive efficacy for the elderly in the community,and the use of this model for screening and early intervention of high-risk populations can be clinically beneficial.

Objective:To explore the clinical efficacy of immediately adding mifepristone tablets after medical abortion in improving the complete abortion rate.Methods:This study was a randomized controlled trial. A total of 300 patients with medical abortion in Family Planning Center of Hangzhou Women's Hospital from January 2022 to December 2023 were randomly divided into high-dose group, low-dose group and control group by the digital table method, with 100 cases in each group. The low-dose group was given mifepristone tablets 25 mg bid×5 d immediately after medical abortion; the high-dose group was given mifepristone tablets 50 mg bid×5 d immediately after medical abortion; the control did not use mifepristone after medical abortion. The complete abortion rate, the duration of vaginal bleeding, the amount of vaginal bleeding and the incidence of adverse events such as complications were compared among the three groups.Results:For the three indicators of complete abortion rate, duration of vaginal bleeding and the proportion of vaginal bleeding volume exceeding the individual's customary menstrual flow, they were 92.0% (92/100), (9.0±2.8) d and 0% respectively in the low-dose group, 89.0% (89/100), (10.8±3.0) d and 0% respectively in the high-dose group, and 67.0% (67/100), (16.5±2.6) d and 11.0% (11/100) respectively in the control. The complete abortion rate in the high-dose group and low-dose group was significantly higher than that in the control (all P<0.001), while the duration and the proportion of vaginal bleeding volume exceeding the individual's customary menstrual flow were significantly lower than those in the control (all P<0.001), and the differences were statistically significant. The incidence of complications and the occurrence level of other adverse events were similar between the high-dose and low-dose groups and the control, and the differences were not statistically significant (all P>0.05). Conclusion:Immediately giving mifepristone tablets after medical abortion can effectively improve the complete abortion rate, significantly reduce the amount and duration of vaginal bleeding in patients, and the security of the medication is good.

Objective:To investigate the prevalence of chronic endometritis(CE)in patients with repeated implantation failure(RIF),and the correlation between diagnostic indexes of CE and classification of peripheral blood immune cells.Methods:A total of 64 patients with RIF who visited Outpatient of Hebei Reproductive Health Hospital from January 2020 to December 2021 were retrospec-tively analyzed.General information of patients,results of hysteroscopy and endometrial immunohistochemistry in the mid luteal phase,the number and percentage of NK cells,Th1 cells,Th2 cells,Th17 cells and Treg cells in peripheral blood,and Th1/Th2,Th17/Treg were collected,and the pregnancy outcome of retransplantation was followed up.To evaluate the consistency of hysteroscopy and endometrial immunohistochemistry CD138 in diagnosis of CE in RIF patients,to analyze whether chronic inflammation of endome-trium was related to classification of peripheral blood immune cells,and to analyze the pregnancy outcome of patients with RIF diag-nosed with CE after retransplantation.Results:Prevalence of CE in RIF patients detected by hysteroscopy was 53.12%,which was sig-nificantly higher than that detected by endometrial immunohistochemistry CD138(25.00%,P<0.05).There was no significant differ-ence in the number and percentage of immune cells in peripheral blood between CE and non CE patients.After antibiotic treatment,the 12-week continuous pregnancy rate and live birth rate in the CD138 positive group were higher than those in negative group,with a statistically significant difference(P<0.05).Conclusion:The combination of hysteroscopy and endometrial CD138 immunohistochem-istry at the right time for RIF patients is beneficial to improve their pregnancy rate and pregnancy outcome.The infiltration of endome-trial plasma cells does not affect the classification of peripheral blood immune cells.

Objective Analysing the risk factors for the occurrence of pre-frailty or frailty of the community elderly in Chengdu and constructing a risk prediction model.Methods The general information questionnaire,MNA-SF scale,Changsha version of the MoCA scale,PSQI scale,FRAIL scale,and Traditional Chinese Medicine Constitution Scale for the elderly were used in the cross-sectional survey.A total of 400 elderly people who completed community physical examinations in Chengdu from April 2022 to April 2023 were selected as the research objects.Based on multivariate Logistic regression analysis,the independent influencing factors were determined,and RStudio software was used to construct a risk prediction model nomogram.The physical examination data of 200 elderly people collected in Deyang City from June 2023 to October 2023 were used for external verification.The area under the ROC curve,Hosmer-Lemeshow test and calibration curve,and decision curve were used to evaluate the discrimination,calibration,and clinical practicability of the model.Results Age,abdominal circumference,number of chronic diseases,PSQI score,allergy history,and balanced constitution were independent influencing factors for pre-frailty/frailty in the elderly in the community(P<0.05),and the regression equation was as follows:Logit(P)=0.063×age+0.025×abdominal circumference-1.006×allergy history+0.300×number of chronic diseases+0.082×PSQI-1.013×balanced constitution-8.269.The area under the ROC curve of the modeling group was 0.779(95%CI:0.733-0.825),the sensitivity was 67.1%,the specificity was 76.3%,and the maximum Youden index was 0.434.The area under the ROC curve of the external validation group was 0.783(95%CI:0.709-0.856),the sensitivity was 62.0%,the specificity was 95.0%,and the maximum Youden index was 0.570.The Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness of fit test results of the two groups were χ2=3.285,P=0.915 and χ2=8.376,P=0.398,and the calibration curve fit was good.DCA showed that the threshold probability of clinical benefit was 5%-99%and 21%-98%.Conclusions The pre-frailty/frailty risk prediction model established in this study has good predictive efficacy for the elderly in the community,and the use of this model for screening and early intervention of high-risk populations can be clinically beneficial.

Objective To analyze the risk factors affecting the progression-free survival(PFS)of patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma(ICC)after surgical resection,and a predictive nomogram model was constructed based on blood test indicators.Methods A total of 99 ICC patients who received their first treatment at Hunan Provincial People's Hospital from January 2020 to December 2022 were selected as research subjects,they were divided into training group(n=70)and validation group(n=29).The independent risk factors for postoperative recurrence were identified using least absolute shrinkage and selection operator(LASSO)regression analysis and multivariate Cox risk regression analysis.The accuracy and clinical utility of the method were further tested by consistency index,receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve,calibration graph,decision curve analysis,and progression-free survival curve.Results LASSO and multivariate Cox risk regression analysis showed that patient's gender,tumor-lymph node metastasis,differentiation grade,tumor diameter,aspartate aminotransferase,alpha-fetoprotein,total bile acid after surgery,and monocyte changes before and after surgery were independent factors affecting the PFS of ICC patients.The predictive model based on the risk factor showed that the consistency index of the training group was 0.884 and that of the validation group was 0.838.The area under ROC curve for training group:PFS prediction at 6 months,1 year,and 2 years were 0.972,0.965 and 0.923,respectively;for validation group:PFS prediction at 6 months,1 year,and 2 years were 0.972,0.821 and 0.923,respectively.The risk score calculated according to the nomogram divided ICC patients into high-risk group and low-risk group with high postoperative recurrence risk,and the median PFS in high-risk group was significantly shorter than that in low-risk group(P＜0.05).Conclusion The nomogram constructed by this study has good predictive effect and can be used as a supplementary evaluation for predicting PFS after ICC patients.

Objective:To investigate the prevalence of chronic endometritis(CE)in patients with repeated implantation failure(RIF),and the correlation between diagnostic indexes of CE and classification of peripheral blood immune cells.Methods:A total of 64 patients with RIF who visited Outpatient of Hebei Reproductive Health Hospital from January 2020 to December 2021 were retrospec-tively analyzed.General information of patients,results of hysteroscopy and endometrial immunohistochemistry in the mid luteal phase,the number and percentage of NK cells,Th1 cells,Th2 cells,Th17 cells and Treg cells in peripheral blood,and Th1/Th2,Th17/Treg were collected,and the pregnancy outcome of retransplantation was followed up.To evaluate the consistency of hysteroscopy and endometrial immunohistochemistry CD138 in diagnosis of CE in RIF patients,to analyze whether chronic inflammation of endome-trium was related to classification of peripheral blood immune cells,and to analyze the pregnancy outcome of patients with RIF diag-nosed with CE after retransplantation.Results:Prevalence of CE in RIF patients detected by hysteroscopy was 53.12%,which was sig-nificantly higher than that detected by endometrial immunohistochemistry CD138(25.00%,P<0.05).There was no significant differ-ence in the number and percentage of immune cells in peripheral blood between CE and non CE patients.After antibiotic treatment,the 12-week continuous pregnancy rate and live birth rate in the CD138 positive group were higher than those in negative group,with a statistically significant difference(P<0.05).Conclusion:The combination of hysteroscopy and endometrial CD138 immunohistochem-istry at the right time for RIF patients is beneficial to improve their pregnancy rate and pregnancy outcome.The infiltration of endome-trial plasma cells does not affect the classification of peripheral blood immune cells.