Objective Exploring the relationship between the cognitive function level of elderly patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and malnutrition. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on 456 patients with PD admitted to the hospital between April 2021 and April 2025. The nutritional status and cognitive function of patients were evaluated by Mini Nutrition Assessment Short Form (MNA-SF) and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). Pearson correlation analysis explored the correlation between MNA-SF score and MoCA total score. Based on the occurrence status of cognitive dysfunction, the patients were classified into cognitive dysfunction group (264 cases) and normal cognitive function group (192 cases). Multivariate logistic regression was utilized to analyze the independent relevant factors of cognitive dysfunction. Results Among the 413 PD patients in this study, the MNA-SF score and total MoCA score were (9.35±2.16) points and (25.26±2.34) points. Pearson correlation analysis indicated that MNA-SF score was positively associated with MoCA total score (r=0.615, P<0.001). Compared with patients in the normal cognitive function group, the patients in the cognitive dysfunction group were older, had shorter years of education, longer PD course, higher proportion of cerebrovascular lesion and lower MNA-SF score (P<0.05). Logistic regression analysis revealed that age, PD course, cerebrovascular lesion and decreased MNA-SF score were independent relevant factors of cognitive dysfunction in elderly PD patients (P<0.05). Conclusion Malnutrition in elderly patients with Parkinson's disease is significantly associated with cognitive impairment, and as an independent factor, it can increase the risk of cognitive dysfunction in these patients.

The knowledge organization work in the field of Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM)aims to establish a systematic TCM knowledge system,contributing to the discovery,sharing,and application of knowledge resources.From the perspective of knowledge organization,this paper classifies the TCM knowledge system based on technological development generations and degrees of structurali-zation.Seven representative and distinctive knowledge organization systems in the TCM field were selected,including encyclopedias,dictionaries,classification schemes,subject headings,ontologies,semantic networks,and knowledge graphs.The characteristics of each knowledge system are identified and future research directions are analyzed.The progress of knowledge organization application re-search relies on the support of knowledge organization systems.This paper elaborates on the application scope of TCM knowledge organ-ization systems from three aspects:literature indexing and retrieval,clinical decision support,and intelligent knowledge service con-struction.Finally,it emphasizes that knowledge organization models will develop toward achieving multimodal,fine-grained knowledge organization and advanced reasoning applications,continuously improving the TCM knowledge organization system and fully exploiting its application potential.

This study organizes and classifies acupuncture-related standards, and analyzes the current status and existing problems. At present, there are 63 international standards, 40 national standards, 6 industry standards, 43 local standards, and 194 group standards related to acupuncture. The current situation is characterized by an irrational standard structure and incomplete coverage of relevant fields; insufficient coordination mechanisms, with overlapping and redundant standards; slow updating of standards, lacking timeliness. It is suggested that the development of acupuncture-related standards should be promoted through the following measures: improving the structure of the standard system and establishing a sound collaborative management mechanism; implementing full-cycle management of standards in line with technological advancements; and building an acupuncture standards information platform to provide one-stop services.
Acupuncture Therapy/standards* ; Humans ; Acupuncture/standards*

The knowledge organization work in the field of Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM)aims to establish a systematic TCM knowledge system,contributing to the discovery,sharing,and application of knowledge resources.From the perspective of knowledge organization,this paper classifies the TCM knowledge system based on technological development generations and degrees of structurali-zation.Seven representative and distinctive knowledge organization systems in the TCM field were selected,including encyclopedias,dictionaries,classification schemes,subject headings,ontologies,semantic networks,and knowledge graphs.The characteristics of each knowledge system are identified and future research directions are analyzed.The progress of knowledge organization application re-search relies on the support of knowledge organization systems.This paper elaborates on the application scope of TCM knowledge organ-ization systems from three aspects:literature indexing and retrieval,clinical decision support,and intelligent knowledge service con-struction.Finally,it emphasizes that knowledge organization models will develop toward achieving multimodal,fine-grained knowledge organization and advanced reasoning applications,continuously improving the TCM knowledge organization system and fully exploiting its application potential.

Objective Prior studies have established a connection between albuminuria and various inflammatory reactions,highlighting that an increase in C-reactive protein by 1 mg/L increases the likelihood of albuminuria by 2%.Recent investigations indicate a positive correlation between the systemic immune-inflammation index(SII)and increased urinary protein excretion.In addition,elevated levels of the systemic inflammatory response index(SIRI)also correlate with a higher prevalence of albuminuria.The aggregate index of systemic inflammation(AISI)offers a more comprehensive indicator of inflammation,providing an extensive assessment of systemic inflammatory status compared to SII and SIRI.Yet,the specific relationship between AISI and albuminuria remains unclear.This study aims to explore this association in U.S.adults.Methods We analyzed data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey(NHANES)for 2007-2018,excluding pregnant women and individuals under 18.Cases with missing data on AISI,urinary albumin concentration,and other covariates were also excluded.AISI was computed using the formula:AISI=(platelet count×neutrophil count×monocyte count)/lymphocyte count.Albuminuria was defined as the urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio exceeding 30 mg/g.Continuous variables were presented in the form of the mean±standard error,and categorical variables in percentages.We utilized weighted t-tests and chi-square tests for baseline comparisons.We applied weighted multivariable logistic regression and generalized additive models(GAM)to explore the association between AISI and albuminuria and to assess potential nonlinear relationships.Results The study included 32 273 participants,with an average age of(46.75±0.24)years old.The cohort comprised 48.73% males and 51.27% females.The prevalence of albuminuria was 9.64%.The average logarithmic value of log2AISI was 7.95±0.01,and were categorized into tertiles as follows:Quartile 1(Q1)(4.94 to 7.49),Q2(7.49 to 8.29),and Q3(8.29 to 10.85).As log2AISI increased,so did the prevalence of hypertension,diabetes,congestive heart failure,and albuminuria,all showing statistically significant increases(P<0.001).Similarly,the use of antihypertensive,lipid-lowering,and hypoglycemic drugs was also more prevalent(P<0.001).Statistically significant differences were observed across the three groups concerning age,race and ethnicity,formal education,alcohol consumption,smoking status,systolic and diastolic blood pressures,body mass index,estimated glomerular filtration rate,HbA1c,alanine aminotransferase,aspartate aminotransferase,albumin,creatinine,uric acid,and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol(P<0.05).However,no significant differences were noted in the total cholesterol or the sex ratios among the groups.The association between log2AISI and albuminuria was assessed using weighted multivariable logistic regression,and the detailed results are presented in Table 2.In model 1,without adjusting for covariates,each unit increase in log2AISI was associated with a 32% increase in the risk of albuminuria(odds ratio[OR]=1.32,95% confidence interval[CI]:1.27-1.38,P<0.001).Model 2 was adjusted for age,gender,race,and education level,and showed a similar trend,with each unit increase in log2AISI associated with a 31% increased risk(OR=1.31,95% CI:1.26-1.37,P<0.001).Model 3,which was further adjusted for all covariates,revealed that each unit increase in log2AISI was associated with a 20% increase in the risk of albuminuria(OR=1.20,95% CI:1.15-1.26,P<0.001).The study also transformed log2AISI from a continuous to a categorical variable for analysis.Compared with Q1,the risk of albuminuria in Q3,after adjusting for all covariates,significantly increased(OR=1.37,95% CI:1.22-1.55,P<0.001).Q2 also demonstrated a higher risk compared with Q1(OR=1.13,95% CI:1.06-1.36,P=0.004).The trend test indicated a dose-effect relationship between increasing log2AISI and the rising risk of albuminuria.GAM revealed a nonlinear relationship between log2AISI and albuminuria,with distinct trends noted between sexes.Segmented regression based on turning points showed significant effects among women,although the slope difference between the segments was not significant.In men,a significant threshold effect was observed;below the log2AISI of 7.25,increases in log2AISI did not enhance the risk of albuminuria,but above this threshold,the risk significantly increased.As part of a sensitivity analysis,weighted multivariable logistic regression was performed by changing the outcome variable to macroalbuminuria and adjusting for all covariates.The analysis showed that for every unit increase in log2AISI,the risk of developing macroalbuminuria increased by 31% (OR=1.31,95% CI:1.15-1.49,P<0.001).Compared with Q1,the risk of albuminuria in Q3 increased by 69% (OR=1.69,95% CI:1.27-2.25,P<0.001),and in Q2,it increased by 40% (OR=1.40,95% CI:1.03-1.92,P=0.030).Subgroup analysis and interaction results showed that the positive association between AISI and proteinuria risk was stronger in men than in women.Similarly,the association was stronger in people with hypertension compared with those with normal blood pressure,and higher in overweight people compared with those of normal weight.Furthermore,smokers and drinkers showed a stronger positive association between AISI and the risk of proteinuria than non-smokers and non-drinkers do.These results suggest that sex,blood pressure,body mass index,smoking,and alcohol consumption interact with AISI to influence the risk of proteinuria.Conclusion There is a robust positive association between AISI and increased risks of albuminuria in US adults.As log2AISI increases,so does the risk of albuminuria.However,further validation of this conclusion through large-scale prospective studies is warranted.

The observation and nursing care of a case of fulminant type 1 diabetes mellitus related to immune checkpoint inhibitor were summarized.To improve prognosis of the disease and guarantee patients'safety,key points of nursing are as following:sufficient early liquid resuscitation to improve renal perfusion;dynamic monitoring and summary of blood glucose changes,implementing a target-oriented blood glucose management program;providing nutritional support;regularly follow-up and health education.After positive rescue and careful nursing,no serious complications occurred;blood glucose was controlled well;nutritional status was improved;the patient was in stable conditions and was discharged.Telephone follow-up of the patient for 3 months showed stable blood glucose and good condition.

Objective:To investigate the predictive value of plasma exosomal microRNA (miR)-124-3p in the risk of chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH).Methods:A case-control study. Thirty patients who were diagnosed with CCH (CCH group) based on cranial artery spin labeling (ASL) in the neurology outpatient clinic of Sichuan Provincial People′s Hospital from March 2022 to June 2022 and 30 healthy volunteers (control group) were included. Age, gender, smoking history, alcohol consumption history, diabetes history, hypertension, hyperlipidemia history, uric acid, fasting blood glucose, homocysteine and plasma exosomal miR-124-3p expression level were compared between the two groups. Comparisons of categorical variables were analyzed by either χ2 test or Fisher′s exact test. If the data of continuous variables followed a normal distribution, they were expressed as mean±standard deviation (SD) and compared by t-test for two independent samples; otherwise, the data were expressed as M( Q1, Q3), and analyzed by Mann-Whitney U test for comparison between two groups. The correlation between cerebral blood flow and exosomal miR-124-3p levels was analyzed by Pearson′s correlation. Binary multifactorial logistic regression analysis was used to determine the risk factors associated with CCH, and corresponding odds ratios ( OR) and 95% confidence intervals ( CI) were calculated. P<0.05 was considered significant. Results:There was no significant difference in age (64±8 vs. 60±8 years old), gender (33.3% vs. 30.0%), history of smoking (20.0% vs. 3.3%), alcohol consumption (20.0% vs. 6.7%), diabetes mellitus (13.3% vs. 13.3%), hypertension (53.3% vs. 30.0%), history of hyperlipidemia (46.7% vs. 36.7%), uric acid (288±60 vs.319±67 μmol/L), and fasting glucose [4.99(4.63, 5.91) vs. 5.28(5.09, 6.05) mmol/L] and homocysteine [11.35(10.18, 13.08) vs.11.00(9.78, 13.03) μmol/L] between the CCH and control groups ( P>0.05). Plasma exosomal miR-124-3p expression was significantly higher in the CCH group than in the control group [13.08 (8.59, 21.55) vs. 2.85 (1.44, 5.10), respectively; U=169.50, P<0.001]. Pearson′s correlation test showed that the level of exosomal miR-124-3p was negatively correlated with cerebral blood flow in the hypoperfused region in patients with CCH ( r=-0.932, P<0.001). Multi-factor logistic regression analysis showed that plasma exosomal miR-124-3p was independently associated with the risk of CCH ( OR=1.169,95% CI 1.063-1.286, P=0.001). Conclusions:The expression of plasma exosomal miR-124-3p is negatively correlated with cerebral blood flow in areas of low perfusion and is an independent risk factor for CCH. Plasma exosomal miR-124-3p may thus serve as a valid biomarker for CCH risk prediction.

Objective:To investigate the application values of bone marrow morphology, bone marrow immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and cytogenetic testing in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma.Methods:A total of 280 patients with multiple myeloma who were newly diagnosed in Tianjin KingMed Diagnosis Center from September 2018 to August 2019 were collected. The bone marrow biopsy was carried out according to the routine method, and bone marrow morphology, bone marrow immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry immunophenotyping, FISH and cytogenetic testing were performed. The detection results of each method were compared.Results:In 280 patients, the bone marrow immunohistochemistry results showed that the median ratio of plasma cells was higher than those of bone marrow morphology (20 cases, 0.675 vs. 0.300) and flow cytometry (47 cases, 0.650 vs. 0.147), and the differences were statistically significant ( Z = -3.883, P < 0.01; Z = -5.947, P < 0.01). Flow cytometry results showed that the positive rates of CD38, CD138, κ, λ, CD56 and CD19 were 100.0% (280/280), 100.0% (280/280), 57.5% (161/280), 42.5% (119/280), 62.1% (174/280) and 19.3% (54/280); bone marrow immunohistochemistry results showed that the positive rates of CD38, CD138, κ, λ and CD56 were 98.9% (277/280), 98.2% (275/280), 57.5% (161/280), 42.5% (119/280) and 62.1% (174/280); there was no statistical difference between the two detection methods in the detection coincidence rate of the same detection index (all P > 0.05). Among patients who underwent FISH detection, the detection rate of gene abnormalities was 69.9% (93/133); the detection rate of abnormalities by direct fluorescence in situ hybridization (D-FISH) was 42.9% (57/133); the detection rate of abnormalities by CD138 immunomagnetic sorting myeloma cells (MACS)-FISH was 82.7% (110/133). Among patients who underwent G-band karyotyping, the detection rate of abnormal karyotype was 38.5% (85/221). FSIH, especially MACS-FISH, had a higher detection rate of cytogenetic abnormalities than G-band karyotyping, and the difference was statistically significant ( χ2 = 65.697, P < 0.05). Conclusion:The comprehensive application of bone marrow morphology, bone marrow immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry, FISH (especially MACS-FISH), cytogenetic testing and other detection methods is more helpful for the diagnosis of multiple myeloma, and may be useful for prognostic judgment.

OBJECTIVE：To study the effe cts of the water extract from Carpesium cernuum （AECC）on the proliferation ， metastasis and invasion of prostate cancer PC 3 cells. METHODS ：Cells were divided into control group and different concentration groups of AECC （5，10，20，40，80 μg/L），and then treated with relevant medicine or medium for different time （24，48，72 h）. The survival rates of cells were detected. Cells were divided into control group ，and AECC low ，medium and high concentration groups（20，40，80 μg/L）. After cultured for 24 h，Hoechst 33258 staining and flow cytometry were used to detect the apoptosis of cells. The number of cell metastasis and invasion were detected by Transwell assay. RT-qPCR and Western blot assay were applied to detect the mRNA and protein expression of β-catenin signaling pathway related migration and apoptosis proteins （β-catenin， MMP-7，c-Myc，caspase-3，Bcl-2 and Bax ）in AECC low and medium concentration groups. RESULTS ：With the increase of the concentration and culture time ，the survival rates of cells in AECC different concentration groups were significantly lower than control group （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01），and showed a decreasing trend. Compared with control group ，the early apoptosis rate （except the medium concentration group ）and the number of cell metastasis and invasion in AECC groups ，the mRNA and protein expression of MMP- 7，c-Myc（except for the low concentration group ）and Bcl- 2（except for mRNA of the low concentration group）in AECC low and medium concentration groups were decreased significantly （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）. Late apoptosis rate of AECC groups ，the mRNA and protein expression of β-catenin，caspases-3（except for the low concentration group ），Bax（except for mRNA of the low concentration group ）in AECC low and medium concentration groups were increased significantly （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）. CONCLUSIONS ：AECC could inhibit the proliferation ，metastasis and invasion of PC 3 cells；the mechanism of which may be associated with regulating the expression of β-catenin signaling pathway related migration and apoptotic factors.