Objective To investigate the alleviating effect of jujuboside B (JuB) on acute epilepsy in mice and its protective effect on hippocampal neurons. Methods An in vitro epilepsy model was established by stimulating primary hippocampal neurons with cyclothiazide (CTZ). Spontaneous epileptiform discharge was recorded using patch clamp technique. An acute epilepsy model was induced in adult male C57BL/6 mice by intraperitoneal injecting pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) following pretreatment with JuB, and severity of epilepsy was recorded. Mice were euthanized and brain tissues were collected 24 hours after model establishment. The expression levels of mitoptosis related proteins in the hippocampus were detected by Western blotting. Neuronal damage in the hippocampal CA1 and CA3 regions was observed using pathological staining. Results JuB reduced the frequency of CTZ-induced epileptiform discharges (P＜0.001). Pretreatment with 30 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg JuB decreased the maximal behavioral seizure score and prolonged the latency to Racine stage Ⅲ seizures in PTZ-induced epileptic mice (P＜0.001). Compared with the PTZ group, JuB treatment downregulated Bax protein level (P＜0.01) and upregulated Bcl-2 protein level (P＜0.05) in acute epileptic mice. Furthermore, JuB protected neuronal viability in the hippocampal CA1 (P＜0.05) and CA3 (P＜0.01) regions, and ameliorated pathological morphological changes including cellular disarray, unclear boundaries, pyknosis, fragmentation, and dissolution. Conclusions JuB exhibits antiepileptic effects both in vivo and in vitro. It exerts potential antiepileptic effects by inhibiting mitoptosis and attenuating neuronal damage in the hippocampus in an acute epilepsy model.

Enamel demineralization, the formation of white spot lesions, is a common issue in clinical orthodontic treatment. The appearance of white spot lesions not only affects the texture and health of dental hard tissues but also impacts the health and aesthetics of teeth after orthodontic treatment. The prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of white spot lesions that occur throughout the orthodontic treatment process involve multiple dental specialties. This expert consensus will focus on providing guiding opinions on the management and prevention of white spot lesions during orthodontic treatment, advocating for proactive prevention, early detection, timely treatment, scientific follow-up, and multidisciplinary management of white spot lesions throughout the orthodontic process, thereby maintaining the dental health of patients during orthodontic treatment.
Humans ; Consensus ; Dental Caries/etiology* ; Dental Enamel/pathology* ; Tooth Demineralization/etiology* ; Tooth Remineralization

The prevalence of Class III malocclusion varies among different countries and regions. The populations from Southeast Asian countries (Chinese and Malaysian) showed the highest prevalence rate of 15.8%, which can seriously affect oral function, facial appearance, and mental health. As anterior crossbite tends to worsen with growth, early orthodontic treatment can harness growth potential to normalize maxillofacial development or reduce skeletal malformation severity, thereby reducing the difficulty and shortening the treatment cycle of later-stage treatment. This is beneficial for the physical and mental growth of children. Therefore, early orthodontic treatment for Class III malocclusion is particularly important. Determining the optimal timing for early orthodontic treatment requires a comprehensive assessment of clinical manifestations, dental age, and skeletal age, and can lead to better results with less effort. Currently, standardized treatment guidelines for early orthodontic treatment of Class III malocclusion are lacking. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the etiology, clinical manifestations, classification, and early orthodontic techniques for Class III malocclusion, along with systematic discussions on selecting early treatment plans. The purpose of this expert consensus is to standardize clinical practices and improve the treatment outcomes of Class III malocclusion through early orthodontic treatment.
Humans ; Malocclusion, Angle Class III/classification* ; Orthodontics, Corrective/methods* ; Consensus ; Child

Objective To investigate the activation of microglia and astrocytes, the secretion of pro-inflammatory factors, and the survival of neurons in the hippocampus of mice with acute seizures induced by pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) 24 hours after the onset of seizures. Methods Adult male C57BL/6 mice were randomly assigned to the control group and the PTZ-induced acute epileptic seizure group using random numbers, with 28 mice in each group. The activation status of microglia and astrocytes in the CA1 region of the hippocampus was evaluated by immunofluorescence 24 hours after the onset of seizures. RNA was extracted from the hippocampal tissue to detect the expression level of inflammatory factor mRNA, and HE staining was used to assess the survival of neurons in the hippocampus. Results Twenty-four hours after PTZ-induced acute seizures in mice, the numbers of activated Iba1⁺ microglia (55.72±4.29 vs 35.71±9.66, P＜0.001) and GFAP⁺ astrocytes (51.61±8.21 vs 37.64±5.27, P＜0.01) in the CA1 region were significantly increased compared with the control group; the proportion of M1 microglia was significantly increased (0.58±0.02 vs 0.35±0.08, P＜0.0001), while the proportion of M2 microglia was significantly decreased (0.25±0.08 vs 0.44±0.09，P＜0.01); the mRNA level of pro-inflammatory factor IL-1β in the hippocampus was significantly higher than that in the control group (2.49±1.61 vs 1.02±0.68, P＜0.05); the numbers of neurons in the CA1 (284.91±73.32 vs 498.88±176.79, P＜0.05) and CA3 (247.42±50.20 vs 457.78±150.08, P＜0.05) regions during the acute phase was significantly reduced compared with the control group. Conclusions Twenty-four hours after PTZ-induced acute epileptic seizures in mice, microglia and astrocytes in the CA1 region of the hippocampus are activated, with microglia mainly presenting the M1 phenotype to exert pro-inflammatory effects, secretions of pro-inflammatory factors increasing, and surviving hippocampal neurons decreasing.

Objective:To evaluate the influence of midface (nasal base and zygomatic bone) morphological changes on the overall perception of lip prominence from different perspectives.Methods:From February to March 2024, 212 volunteers were recruited in Fujian Province as study subjects and divided into three groups: orthodontists [65 participants, 28 males and 37 females, aged (31.3±6.9) years], orthodontic patients [72 participants, 24 males and 48 females, aged (27.6±5.7) years], and healthy adults [75 participants, 37 males and 38 females, aged (25.6±4.4) years]. Three-dimensional facial modeling software was used to generate facial models, which were sculpted using three-dimensional model sculpting software to simulate different nasal base, zygomatic bone, and upper lip prominence conditions. A total of 15 facial models were generated, divided into five groups (three models per group): Group A (normal nasolabial angle, normal nasal base, normal upper lip); Group B (increased nasolabial angle, normal nasal base, flattened upper lip); Group C (decreased nasolabial angle, normal nasal base, protruded upper lip); Group D (increased nasolabial angle, protruded nasal base, normal upper lip); Group E (decreased nasolabial angle, recessed nasal base, normal upper lip). Models 1, 2, and 3 in each group had normal, protruded, and flattened zygomatic bones, respectively (with Model 1 in Group A as the initial model). Forty-five-degree and ninety-degree profile images of the models were captured (30 images in total) and compiled into a questionnaire. Participants in the three study groups were selected as the most attractive and least attractive facial appearances based on the questionnaire and ratings of the lip prominence of the 45° and 90° profile images (0-10 points, where 0=very flat, 5=normal, and 10=very prominent). A one-sample t-test was used to compare the difference between model ratings and the median score of 5. Results:Among the 30 images, the proportion of lip prominence ratings deviating from the median score of 5 was the highest among orthodontists [83% (25/30)], followed by orthodontic patients [67% (20/30)], and lowest among healthy adults [53% (16/30)]. At the 90° profile view, the scores given by orthodontists, orthodontic patients, and healthy adults for the initial model (5.07±0.79, 5.00±1.03, and 4.95±1.07, respectively) showed no statistically significant difference from 5 ( t=0.65, P=0.521; t=0.00, P=1.000; t=-0.42, P=0.673). At the 45° profile view, the scores given by orthodontists, orthodontic patients, and healthy adults for the initial model (5.42±0.98, 5.40±1.15, and 5.35±1.45, respectively) were significantly higher than 5 ( t=3.30, P=0.002; t=2.98, P=0.004; t=2.11, P=0.038). At both 90° and 45° profile views, orthodontists, orthodontic patients, and healthy adults all rated the lip prominence of Model 1 in Group E (nasal base recession) significantly higher than 5 (all P<0.05). In Group E (nasal base recession model), changes in zygomatic prominence led to alterations in the overall lip prominence ratings by orthodontists and orthodontic patients, with significant differences among Models 1, 2, and 3 (all P<0.05). In the most attractive facial appearance evaluation, Model 1 of Group D had the highest frequency percentage in both the 90° profile and 45° profile views [90°: 19.8% (42/212); 45°: 22.6% (48/212)]. Conclusions:Orthodontists had the highest sensitivity to changes in lip prominence. The observation angle influenced the perception of lip prominence changes, and variations in zygomatic and nasal base prominence could shift lip prominence evaluations. A slightly larger nasolabial angle, protruded nasal base, and normal zygomatic bone configuration were perceived as the most attractive.

This consensus was developed by the Orthodontic Society of the Chinese Stomatological Association to provide a systematic, scientific, and practical guideline for informed consent in orthodontic care. Orthodontic treatment is typically lengthy, highly individualized, and involves multiple factors such as growth and development, occlusal function, and facial esthetics. Rapid technological advances and diverse risk profiles make the traditional reliance on orthodontist experience or institutional templates insufficient to ensure patients′ full understanding and autonomous decision-making. To address this, the expert panel conducted extensive reviews of domestic and international guidelines, analyzed representative dispute cases, and performed multicenter patient-clinician surveys. Using a multi-round Delphi method, the group established a standardized informed consent framework covering the initial consultation, treatment, and retention phases. The consensus emphasizes that informed consent is not only a fundamental legal and ethical requirement but also a key step in building trust, improving patient compliance, and enhancing treatment satisfaction. Orthodontists should clearly and comprehensively explain treatment plans, potential risks, uncertainties, and associated costs, while respecting the autonomy of patients or guardians, and maintain continuous communication and dynamic evaluation throughout the treatment process. The release of this consensus provides unified and authoritative guidance for clinical orthodontics, helping to standardize informed consent, enhance its transparency, safeguard patient rights, reduce medical risks, and promote high-quality, sustainable development of orthodontic practice.

Objective:To evaluate the efficacy and safety of Neuroform Atlas stent-assisted coil embolization in patients with middle cerebral artery bifurcation aneurysms.Methods:A retrospective analysis was performed; the clinical data of 46 patients with middle cerebral artery bifurcation aneurysms accepted Neuroform Atlas stent-assisted coil embolization in First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Beijing Tiantan Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University and First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University from January 2022 to March 2024 were collected. There were 28 ruptured aneurysms (60.87%) and 18 unruptured aneurysms (39.13%). Follow-up was performed for more than 3 months; Raymond-Roy grading was used to evaluate the aneurysm embolization immediately after embolization and during follow-up; perioperative hemorrhagic or ischemic complications were recorded; modified Rankin Scale (mRS) was used to evaluate the prognosis of the patients at discharge and during follow-up (mRS score≤2: good prognosis, and mRS score>2: poor prognosis).Results:Coil embolization was successful in all 46 patients. DSA immediately after embolization showed that 41 patients (89.13%) had completely occluded aneurysms (Raymond-Roy grading I), 2 patients (4.35%) had residual aneurysm neck (Raymond-Roy grading Ⅱ) and 3 patients (6.52%) had partially occluded aneurysms (Raymond-Roy grading Ⅲ). Perioperative complications occurred in 5 patients, including 2 with postoperative cerebral infarction, 1 with hydrocephalus, 1 with postoperative pneumonia leading to respiratory failure, and 1 with stent thrombosis during embolization. Both at discharge and 3 months after embolization, 43 patients (93.48%) had good prognosis and 3 patients (6.52%) had poor prognosis. No obvious ischemic complications (such as stent restenosis) or hemorrhagic complications (such as re-rupture of the aneurysms) were found in all patients. Thirty patients (65.22%) had imaging follow-up for 6-12 months: 26 (86.67%) had Raymond-Roy grading I, 3 (10.00%) had Raymond-Roy grading II, and 1 (3.33%) had Raymond-Roy grading III.Conclusion:Neuroform Atlas stent-assisted coil embolization has good short-term efficacy and high safety in middle cerebral artery bifurcation aneurysms, but long-term follow-up observation is still needed to verify its efficacy.

Intracranial artery stenosis is a major pathogenetic factor in ischemic stroke,and early diagnosis and timely intervention are the main means of preventing stroke and its complications.Transcranial color-coded Doppler sonography is an imaging technique widely used in clinical practice for the diagnosis of intracranial artery stenosis,due to its advantages of being noninvasive,reproducible,and readily accessible.This imaging modality allows direct visualization of the degree of vascular stenosis and enables indirect assessment of distal perfusion.This article provides a systematic review of the current status and advances in the use of transcranial color-coded Doppler sonography in the assessment of intracranial arterial stenosis.

Objective:To evaluate the influence of midface (nasal base and zygomatic bone) morphological changes on the overall perception of lip prominence from different perspectives.Methods:From February to March 2024, 212 volunteers were recruited in Fujian Province as study subjects and divided into three groups: orthodontists [65 participants, 28 males and 37 females, aged (31.3±6.9) years], orthodontic patients [72 participants, 24 males and 48 females, aged (27.6±5.7) years], and healthy adults [75 participants, 37 males and 38 females, aged (25.6±4.4) years]. Three-dimensional facial modeling software was used to generate facial models, which were sculpted using three-dimensional model sculpting software to simulate different nasal base, zygomatic bone, and upper lip prominence conditions. A total of 15 facial models were generated, divided into five groups (three models per group): Group A (normal nasolabial angle, normal nasal base, normal upper lip); Group B (increased nasolabial angle, normal nasal base, flattened upper lip); Group C (decreased nasolabial angle, normal nasal base, protruded upper lip); Group D (increased nasolabial angle, protruded nasal base, normal upper lip); Group E (decreased nasolabial angle, recessed nasal base, normal upper lip). Models 1, 2, and 3 in each group had normal, protruded, and flattened zygomatic bones, respectively (with Model 1 in Group A as the initial model). Forty-five-degree and ninety-degree profile images of the models were captured (30 images in total) and compiled into a questionnaire. Participants in the three study groups were selected as the most attractive and least attractive facial appearances based on the questionnaire and ratings of the lip prominence of the 45° and 90° profile images (0-10 points, where 0=very flat, 5=normal, and 10=very prominent). A one-sample t-test was used to compare the difference between model ratings and the median score of 5. Results:Among the 30 images, the proportion of lip prominence ratings deviating from the median score of 5 was the highest among orthodontists [83% (25/30)], followed by orthodontic patients [67% (20/30)], and lowest among healthy adults [53% (16/30)]. At the 90° profile view, the scores given by orthodontists, orthodontic patients, and healthy adults for the initial model (5.07±0.79, 5.00±1.03, and 4.95±1.07, respectively) showed no statistically significant difference from 5 ( t=0.65, P=0.521; t=0.00, P=1.000; t=-0.42, P=0.673). At the 45° profile view, the scores given by orthodontists, orthodontic patients, and healthy adults for the initial model (5.42±0.98, 5.40±1.15, and 5.35±1.45, respectively) were significantly higher than 5 ( t=3.30, P=0.002; t=2.98, P=0.004; t=2.11, P=0.038). At both 90° and 45° profile views, orthodontists, orthodontic patients, and healthy adults all rated the lip prominence of Model 1 in Group E (nasal base recession) significantly higher than 5 (all P<0.05). In Group E (nasal base recession model), changes in zygomatic prominence led to alterations in the overall lip prominence ratings by orthodontists and orthodontic patients, with significant differences among Models 1, 2, and 3 (all P<0.05). In the most attractive facial appearance evaluation, Model 1 of Group D had the highest frequency percentage in both the 90° profile and 45° profile views [90°: 19.8% (42/212); 45°: 22.6% (48/212)]. Conclusions:Orthodontists had the highest sensitivity to changes in lip prominence. The observation angle influenced the perception of lip prominence changes, and variations in zygomatic and nasal base prominence could shift lip prominence evaluations. A slightly larger nasolabial angle, protruded nasal base, and normal zygomatic bone configuration were perceived as the most attractive.

This consensus was developed by the Orthodontic Society of the Chinese Stomatological Association to provide a systematic, scientific, and practical guideline for informed consent in orthodontic care. Orthodontic treatment is typically lengthy, highly individualized, and involves multiple factors such as growth and development, occlusal function, and facial esthetics. Rapid technological advances and diverse risk profiles make the traditional reliance on orthodontist experience or institutional templates insufficient to ensure patients′ full understanding and autonomous decision-making. To address this, the expert panel conducted extensive reviews of domestic and international guidelines, analyzed representative dispute cases, and performed multicenter patient-clinician surveys. Using a multi-round Delphi method, the group established a standardized informed consent framework covering the initial consultation, treatment, and retention phases. The consensus emphasizes that informed consent is not only a fundamental legal and ethical requirement but also a key step in building trust, improving patient compliance, and enhancing treatment satisfaction. Orthodontists should clearly and comprehensively explain treatment plans, potential risks, uncertainties, and associated costs, while respecting the autonomy of patients or guardians, and maintain continuous communication and dynamic evaluation throughout the treatment process. The release of this consensus provides unified and authoritative guidance for clinical orthodontics, helping to standardize informed consent, enhance its transparency, safeguard patient rights, reduce medical risks, and promote high-quality, sustainable development of orthodontic practice.