ObjectiveTo summarize the research results on the toxic mechanism and the relevant regulatory policies at home and abroad of pyrrolizidine alkaloids （PAs）， the main toxic components， in Senecionis Scandentis Herba， thereby providing insights into the clinical use and scientific regulation of Senecionis Scandentis Herba. MethodsMultiple Chinese and English databases including PubMed， ScienceDirect， Elsevier， China national knowledge infrastructure （CNKI）， Wanfang Data， and VIP were searched， with "Senecio，" "PSenecio scandens，" and "pyrrolizidine alkaloids" as search terms. The relevant articles published from 1959 to 2025 were retrieved and analyzed， and 79 articles were finally selected for review. ResultsThe chemical components of Senecionis Scandentis Herba include alkaloids， flavonoids， volatile oils， sesquiterpenes， jacaranone derivatives， and organic acids， among which alkaloids are the most toxic components， followed by jacaranone derivatives. PAs are metabolized into highly active pyrrole derivatives in the liver， which can cause serious adverse reactions such as sinusoidal obstruction syndrome and DNA damage. The content of PAs varies significantly due to the origin， harvest period， and medicinal parts. There have been reports of clinical liver injury caused by preparations containing Senecionis Scandentis Herba， and some preparations have a daily intake of PAs exceeding the international safety threshold. Currently， international organizations have set limited standards for PAs， while China only controls the content of adonifoline， and the supervision is not yet perfect. ConclusionAlthough Senecionis Scandentis Herba has medicinal value， its PAs have significant toxicological properties. This is a problem that cannot be ignored and needs to be overcome in the use of Senecionis Scandentis Herba. Therefore， it is necessary to strengthen the quality control of raw materials， establish a more comprehensive limited standard for PAs， and optimize the medication strategy in combination with traditional Chinese medicine theory to ensure the safety of clinical medication.

ObjectiveTo summarize the research results on the toxic mechanism and the relevant regulatory policies at home and abroad of pyrrolizidine alkaloids （PAs）， the main toxic components， in Senecionis Scandentis Herba， thereby providing insights into the clinical use and scientific regulation of Senecionis Scandentis Herba. MethodsMultiple Chinese and English databases including PubMed， ScienceDirect， Elsevier， China national knowledge infrastructure （CNKI）， Wanfang Data， and VIP were searched， with "Senecio，" "PSenecio scandens，" and "pyrrolizidine alkaloids" as search terms. The relevant articles published from 1959 to 2025 were retrieved and analyzed， and 79 articles were finally selected for review. ResultsThe chemical components of Senecionis Scandentis Herba include alkaloids， flavonoids， volatile oils， sesquiterpenes， jacaranone derivatives， and organic acids， among which alkaloids are the most toxic components， followed by jacaranone derivatives. PAs are metabolized into highly active pyrrole derivatives in the liver， which can cause serious adverse reactions such as sinusoidal obstruction syndrome and DNA damage. The content of PAs varies significantly due to the origin， harvest period， and medicinal parts. There have been reports of clinical liver injury caused by preparations containing Senecionis Scandentis Herba， and some preparations have a daily intake of PAs exceeding the international safety threshold. Currently， international organizations have set limited standards for PAs， while China only controls the content of adonifoline， and the supervision is not yet perfect. ConclusionAlthough Senecionis Scandentis Herba has medicinal value， its PAs have significant toxicological properties. This is a problem that cannot be ignored and needs to be overcome in the use of Senecionis Scandentis Herba. Therefore， it is necessary to strengthen the quality control of raw materials， establish a more comprehensive limited standard for PAs， and optimize the medication strategy in combination with traditional Chinese medicine theory to ensure the safety of clinical medication.

Objective:To explore the diagnostic value of serum solute carrier family 7 member 11 (SLC7A11), urinary retinol-binding protein (RBP) and transferrin (TRF) for acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients with sepsis.Methods:The clinical data of 204 patients with sepsis from January 2020 to December 2023 in the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi′an Medical College were retrospectively analyzed. Among them, 102 patients complicated with AKI (AKI group), including Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) classification Ⅰ stage 43 cases, Ⅱ stage 36 cases, Ⅲ stage 23 cases; 102 patients did not complicate with AKI (non-AKI group). Additionally, 102 healthy individuals from the same period were selected as a healthy control group. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect the serum expression level of SLC7A11, and fully automatic biochemical analyzers were used to detect urinary RBP and TRF levels. For patients in AKI group and non-AKI group, the sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) was recorded; fully automatic analyzers were used to test hematological indicators, including creatinine, hemoglobin, platelet, albumin, uric acid, lactate, procalcitonin and C-reactive protein, and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the independent risk factors of AKI in patients with sepsis. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was plotted to analyze the values of serum SLC7A11 and urinary RBP, TRF in assessing the risk of AKI in patients with sepsis.Results:The serum SLC7A11 and urinary RBP, TRF in non-AKI group and AKI group were significantly higher than those in healthy control group: (28.66 ± 6.22) and (36.18 ± 7.29) ng/L vs. (14.32 ± 2.63) ng/L, (1.20 ± 0.25) and (1.47 ± 0.31) mg/L vs. (0.44 ± 0.08) mg/L, (1.82 ± 0.39) and (2.26 ± 0.45) mg/L vs. (1.08 ± 0.19) mg/L, furthermore the indexes in AKI group were significantly higher than those in non-AKI group, and there were statistical differences ( P<0.05). The serum SLC7A11 and urinary RBP, TRF in patients with KDIGO Ⅱ stage and Ⅲ stage were significantly higher than those in patients with KDIGO Ⅰ stage: (37.16 ± 7.41) and (45.20 ± 8.29) ng/L vs. (30.53 ± 6.46) ng/L, (1.50 ± 0.28) and (1.72 ± 0.35) mg/L vs. (1.31 ± 0.26) mg/L, (2.26 ± 0.46) and (2.77 ± 0.59) mg/L vs. (1.99 ± 0.40) mg/L, furthermore the indexes in patients with KDIGO Ⅲ stage were significantly higher than those in patients with KDIGO Ⅱ stage, and there were statistical differences ( P<0.05). The SOFA, creatinine and lactate in AKI group were significantly higher than those in non-AKI group: 12 (9, 15) scores vs. 7 (5, 9) scores, (133.71 ± 13.58) μmol/L vs. (108.18 ± 14.32) μmol/L and (13.61 ± 3.57) mmol/L vs. (10.95 ± 3.10) mmol/L, the albumin and eGFR were significantly lower than those in non-AKI group: (21.48 ± 2.48) g/L vs. (24.85 ± 2.83) g/L and (51.57 ± 9.64) ml/(min·1.73 m 2) vs. (59.21 ± 10.67) ml/(min·1.73 m 2), and there were statistical differences ( P<0.01); there were no statistical differences in hemoglobin, platelet, uric acid, procalcitonin and C-reactive protein between two groups ( P>0.05). Multivariate Logistic regression analysis result showed that the high SOFA, creatinine, lactate, SLC7A11, urinary RBP, urinary TRF, and low eGFR, albumin were independent risk factors for AKI in patients with sepsis ( OR = 4.864, 5.631, 2.315, 5.862, 6.852, 6.218, 0.328 and 0.226; 95% CI 1.701 to 13.907, 1.803 to 17.585, 1.350 to 3.969, 2.115 to 16.242, 2.177 to 21.566, 1.900 to 20.353, 0.151 to 0.713 and 0.092 to 0.555; P<0.01). The ROC curve analysis result showed that the area under the curve of the combined assessment of serum SLC7A11 and urinary RBP, TRF for AKI in patients with sepsis was significantly larger than serum SLC7A11 and urinary RBP, TRF alone (0.892 vs. 0.774, 0.765 and 0.755), and there was statistical difference ( Z = 2.97, 3.20 and 3.38; P<0.01). Conclusions:The elevated expression levels of serum SLC7A11 and urinary RBP and TRF in patients with sepsis have a high value for the combined detection and assessment of AKI.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the serotypes and antimicrobial resistance rate of clinically isolated Salmonel-la in a children's hospital in Suzhou,and to provide reference for the treatment of salmonellosis.METHOD Totally 177 strains of Salmonella isolated from Children's Hospital of Wujiang District from Jan.2021 to Dec.2023 were collected,and the results of serotypes and drug sensitivity of Salmonella were analyzed.RESULTS The male to fe-male isolation rate of Salmonella was 1.39∶1,with a median age of children infection at 1.3(0.8,2.3)years.The highest number of Salmonella strains were isolated in the month of Jun.,followed by Jul.,Aug.,Sep.,Oct.and May,collectively accounting for 82.49％of all isolates.Acute gastroenteritis was manifested in 142 cases(80.22％),with respiratory tract infections in 38 cases(21.47％)and septicemia in 7 cases(3.95％).The differ-ence in detection rates across the three years was not statistically significant(P=0.806).Salmonella Typhimuri-um was the predominant serotype,representing 54.24％of all isolates.The antimicrobial drug with the highest rate of resistance in Salmonella was ampicillin(71.35％,122/171),followed by sulfamethoxazole/metronidazole(43.60％,75/172),and ampicillin/sulbactam(30.23％,52/172),and no imipenem resistant strains were found.29.07％(50/172)of strains showed multidrug resistance.CONCLUSIONS Boys under three years of age are sus-ceptible to Salmonella infections in summer and fall in this region,with Salmonella Typhimurium being the pre-dominant serotype.Clinical attention should be paid to the characteristics of Salmonella infection and drug resist-ance,as well as the early diagnosis and rational use of antimicrobial drugs.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the serotypes and antimicrobial resistance rate of clinically isolated Salmonel-la in a children's hospital in Suzhou,and to provide reference for the treatment of salmonellosis.METHOD Totally 177 strains of Salmonella isolated from Children's Hospital of Wujiang District from Jan.2021 to Dec.2023 were collected,and the results of serotypes and drug sensitivity of Salmonella were analyzed.RESULTS The male to fe-male isolation rate of Salmonella was 1.39∶1,with a median age of children infection at 1.3(0.8,2.3)years.The highest number of Salmonella strains were isolated in the month of Jun.,followed by Jul.,Aug.,Sep.,Oct.and May,collectively accounting for 82.49％of all isolates.Acute gastroenteritis was manifested in 142 cases(80.22％),with respiratory tract infections in 38 cases(21.47％)and septicemia in 7 cases(3.95％).The differ-ence in detection rates across the three years was not statistically significant(P=0.806).Salmonella Typhimuri-um was the predominant serotype,representing 54.24％of all isolates.The antimicrobial drug with the highest rate of resistance in Salmonella was ampicillin(71.35％,122/171),followed by sulfamethoxazole/metronidazole(43.60％,75/172),and ampicillin/sulbactam(30.23％,52/172),and no imipenem resistant strains were found.29.07％(50/172)of strains showed multidrug resistance.CONCLUSIONS Boys under three years of age are sus-ceptible to Salmonella infections in summer and fall in this region,with Salmonella Typhimurium being the pre-dominant serotype.Clinical attention should be paid to the characteristics of Salmonella infection and drug resist-ance,as well as the early diagnosis and rational use of antimicrobial drugs.

Objective:To explore the diagnostic value of serum solute carrier family 7 member 11 (SLC7A11), urinary retinol-binding protein (RBP) and transferrin (TRF) for acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients with sepsis.Methods:The clinical data of 204 patients with sepsis from January 2020 to December 2023 in the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi′an Medical College were retrospectively analyzed. Among them, 102 patients complicated with AKI (AKI group), including Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) classification Ⅰ stage 43 cases, Ⅱ stage 36 cases, Ⅲ stage 23 cases; 102 patients did not complicate with AKI (non-AKI group). Additionally, 102 healthy individuals from the same period were selected as a healthy control group. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect the serum expression level of SLC7A11, and fully automatic biochemical analyzers were used to detect urinary RBP and TRF levels. For patients in AKI group and non-AKI group, the sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) was recorded; fully automatic analyzers were used to test hematological indicators, including creatinine, hemoglobin, platelet, albumin, uric acid, lactate, procalcitonin and C-reactive protein, and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the independent risk factors of AKI in patients with sepsis. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was plotted to analyze the values of serum SLC7A11 and urinary RBP, TRF in assessing the risk of AKI in patients with sepsis.Results:The serum SLC7A11 and urinary RBP, TRF in non-AKI group and AKI group were significantly higher than those in healthy control group: (28.66 ± 6.22) and (36.18 ± 7.29) ng/L vs. (14.32 ± 2.63) ng/L, (1.20 ± 0.25) and (1.47 ± 0.31) mg/L vs. (0.44 ± 0.08) mg/L, (1.82 ± 0.39) and (2.26 ± 0.45) mg/L vs. (1.08 ± 0.19) mg/L, furthermore the indexes in AKI group were significantly higher than those in non-AKI group, and there were statistical differences ( P<0.05). The serum SLC7A11 and urinary RBP, TRF in patients with KDIGO Ⅱ stage and Ⅲ stage were significantly higher than those in patients with KDIGO Ⅰ stage: (37.16 ± 7.41) and (45.20 ± 8.29) ng/L vs. (30.53 ± 6.46) ng/L, (1.50 ± 0.28) and (1.72 ± 0.35) mg/L vs. (1.31 ± 0.26) mg/L, (2.26 ± 0.46) and (2.77 ± 0.59) mg/L vs. (1.99 ± 0.40) mg/L, furthermore the indexes in patients with KDIGO Ⅲ stage were significantly higher than those in patients with KDIGO Ⅱ stage, and there were statistical differences ( P<0.05). The SOFA, creatinine and lactate in AKI group were significantly higher than those in non-AKI group: 12 (9, 15) scores vs. 7 (5, 9) scores, (133.71 ± 13.58) μmol/L vs. (108.18 ± 14.32) μmol/L and (13.61 ± 3.57) mmol/L vs. (10.95 ± 3.10) mmol/L, the albumin and eGFR were significantly lower than those in non-AKI group: (21.48 ± 2.48) g/L vs. (24.85 ± 2.83) g/L and (51.57 ± 9.64) ml/(min·1.73 m 2) vs. (59.21 ± 10.67) ml/(min·1.73 m 2), and there were statistical differences ( P<0.01); there were no statistical differences in hemoglobin, platelet, uric acid, procalcitonin and C-reactive protein between two groups ( P>0.05). Multivariate Logistic regression analysis result showed that the high SOFA, creatinine, lactate, SLC7A11, urinary RBP, urinary TRF, and low eGFR, albumin were independent risk factors for AKI in patients with sepsis ( OR = 4.864, 5.631, 2.315, 5.862, 6.852, 6.218, 0.328 and 0.226; 95% CI 1.701 to 13.907, 1.803 to 17.585, 1.350 to 3.969, 2.115 to 16.242, 2.177 to 21.566, 1.900 to 20.353, 0.151 to 0.713 and 0.092 to 0.555; P<0.01). The ROC curve analysis result showed that the area under the curve of the combined assessment of serum SLC7A11 and urinary RBP, TRF for AKI in patients with sepsis was significantly larger than serum SLC7A11 and urinary RBP, TRF alone (0.892 vs. 0.774, 0.765 and 0.755), and there was statistical difference ( Z = 2.97, 3.20 and 3.38; P<0.01). Conclusions:The elevated expression levels of serum SLC7A11 and urinary RBP and TRF in patients with sepsis have a high value for the combined detection and assessment of AKI.

In recent years, with the rapid development of organ donation after citizen’s death and transplantation, central and local governments in China have successively released incentive policies. To protect the legitimate rights and interests of organ donors after citizen’s death and their families, current status of incentive policies for organ donation after citizen’s death was illustrated and analyzed from the perspective of ethics. Combining with the principles of justice, respect for autonomy, nonmaleficence and beneficence, the problems existing in the implementation of incentive policies for organ donation after citizen’s death were identified in China, such as lack of continuous psychological intervention in spiritual incentives, the misinterpretation of humanitarian assistance in practice and the impact of indirect economic incentives on individual donation autonomy, etc. Relevant countermeasures and suggestions were proposed at the government, society and individual levels, aiming to provide reference for improving the incentive policies for organ donation after citizen’s death and accelerate the development of organ donation in China.